1. What is DNA?

2. Where do we find DNA? In the nucleus What the heck is it? Why is it soooooooooo important? Hint… It’s SUPER IMPORTANT and Mz. C. will be mentioning it over and over and over and… you get the picture! Nucleus Chromosome DNA Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Cell

3. What do ALL of these organisms have in common? WE all share a universal genetic code: DNA

4. How do we know what DNA looks like???? Rosalind Franklin Chemist… Used X-Rays and was able to get two photos of crystallized DNA Watson and Crick used the X-ray data Franklin obtained to figure out the 3-D structure of DNA Died before she was 38... (due to Cancer caused by Radiation Poisoning)

5. Watson & Crick 1953 Watson & Crick used Rosalind's X-Rays to figure out the structure of DNA… (Did they give her any credit??? NAH… not until later!)

6. What they “Announced” Using Rosalind X-Rays, Watson & Crick determined that phosphates and sugars were on the “outside” of the DNA molecule and nitrogen bases were on the “inside” They also figured out that DNA is a double helix… Rosalind figured out that DNA was in a helical shape… but… didn’t get any further details What’s a helical shape? Let’s talk helicopters… and screws…!

7. Helix = Spiral Helic-opter… Helical screw… Helical spring… Helical staircase… Helical drill…

8. DNA

9. Purpose of DNA DNA is one of “THE BIG FOUR” Organic Macro- molecules (a Nucleic Acid)  Deoxyribonucleic Acid Why do we have DNA?  It is our genetic information The “code” for all of our traits/characteristics!  It gives each cell it’s “instructions”

10. Nucleic Acids… 2 Types:  DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid is a Polymer  Nucleotides are the monomers Stores genetic information (genes) Gives instructions to make proteins  One gene=One protein sugar phosphate nitrogen base

11. What is a Nucleotide? H H2H2 H H H3H3 H H H H H O O O CC C N N P O O O C C C C C O O O C C 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Ribose Sugar 3. Nitrogen Base

12. Three “Similar” Parts One phosphate group  Bonded to One sugar (ribose)  To make the “side” of the ladder One nitrogen base  Makes the “rungs” (steps) of the ladder There are different Nitrogen bases DNA & Genes

13. Different Nitrogen Bases There are four nitrogen bases in DNA (making up four different nucleotides) Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine A C G T

14. Nucleotide Bonding Nucleotides are bonded together in alternating sugar and phosphate groups The “Backbone” This creates a long chain with nitrogen bases sticking off of the side

15. Making the DNA Ladder Two chains line up next to each other... The Nitrogen bases bond together in the center to hold the two chains together like a “zipper” The bases are held by Hydrogen bonds  The Nitrogen bases only bond in “Complementary Pairs”!

16. DNA: Double Stranded (Helix) The Nitrogen bases bond in the center of the “Ladder” The ladder then “twists” into a helix The tighter it “twists”, the more “condensed” it becomes  Which means it is more dense and compact

17. DNA DOUBLE HELIX ladder shaped molecule

18. Erwin Chargaff Chargaff discovered that DNA contains the same amount of adenosine as thymine (A-T) and the same amount of cytosine as guanine (C-G). AA A A A A A T T T T T T T C CCCC GG G ALL THUGS CARRY GUNS!

19. Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules Adenine always bonds with Thymine. A = T A C G T DNA: All Thugs Carry Guns Cytosine always bonds with Guanine. C = G

20. Nucleotide P S N-b Pairing DNA Nucleotides What is a nucleotide? Rule: A with T C with G What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing for these strands?

21. DNA DNA is the “instruction manual” (the “recipe book”) which tells the cell what proteins to make But, DNA is “stuck” in the nucleus It is too large to pass through the nuclear membrane Which organelle makes proteins? __________________ How do the instructions get from the nucleus to the Ribosome???????

22. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Small, Single Stranded COPY of the DNA message Copy of ONE GENE RNA is small enough to pass through the nuclear membrane and bring the message to the Ribosome in the cytoplasm 3 differences from DNA This allows the organism to recognize that the RNA is NOT the original!

23. DNA vs. RNA RNA is Ribonucleic Acid – DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid An Oxygen molecule is missing… making it “Deoxy”… RNA is a short, single stranded copy DNA is large, double stranded orginal RNA contains a different Nucleotide!  Uracil (Not Thymine)  Remember: ALL UNDER- ACHIEVERS CAN'T GRADUATE

24. Rules for RNA Base Pairing C = G A = U C A T G G U C A DNA RNA RNA copies the DNA message by pairing with the DNA nucleotides… An “A” is paired with a “U”. “C” and “G” are always paired together… ALL UNDERACHIEVERS CAN’T GRADUATE!

25. What is the function of RNA? Carries the DNA coded message out of the nucleus  RNA copies the information for one gene  One gene = One protein  Brings message to the Ribosome  Ribosome reads the code and makes the correct protein

26. Types of RNA There is only ONE Type of DNA There are THREE Types of RNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  You only need to know two!

27. Nitrogen Base Sugar (Ribose) Phosphate Group RNA

28. RNA Codes for Amino Acids The nitrogen bases in RNA code for amino acids  Monomers of Protein A triplet of nitrogen bases codes for one amino acid The triplet is called a “codon” (You NEED to know that!)

29. DNA vs RNA Nucleic Acids DNARNA

30. RNA to Polypeptide The Scientific Name for Protein is: Polypeptide - Because peptide bonds hold Amino Acids together The Ribosome reads each “codon” (triplet code) and calls for different Amino Acids to be bonded in the chain Think “CAN of PEPSI”

31. Peptide Bond CN

32. Overall process of protein synthesis transcription translation DNA RNA Protein

33. What does a chain of amino acids represent? - a protein! Threonine Arginine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine Polypeptide Chain – A Protein

34. Codons One codon codes for one amino acid. A sequence of amino acids is a protein... A different sequence makes a different protein! EX: ACG = amino acid (threonine) CGC = amino acid (arginine) GGA = amino acid (glycine) ACG GGA GGC CCA AAC CCG GCC CGC Threonine Arginine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine Amino Acid protein

35. Let’s Try It… DNA “Complementary Pairs” Remember: All Thugs Carry Guns

36. Let’s Try It… RNA “Complementary Pairs” Remember: All Underachievers Can’t Graduate