Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Macromolecules

Energy for life. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Energy for Life Building Blocks: Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the monomers that make the polymer, a Polysaccharide (starches) Elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Carbohydrates - Function Function: Main source of energy for plants and animals (Starches = Stored Energy) Cellulose is a main part of a plants structure that gives it a rigid structure Chitin makes up the exoskeleton in arthropods

Carbohydrates – 3 Basic Types Monosaccharides: Single sugar molecule Simple Sugars Glucose Galactose: component in milk Fructose: found in fruit Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides Sucrose: table sugar Polysaccharide: Starch Glycogen: in animals Plants: cellulose

Glucose Glucose serves as a fuel for life The molecule that provides convertible energy for all cells Animals convert glucose into glycogen to store the energy of the molecule Plants convert glucose into starches to store energy Glucose is a simple sugar made of six carbon atoms in a hexagonal ring

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates Large polysaccharides are insoluble in water This allows cells to use them for storage (starches and glycogen etc.) Chitin is a polysaccharide used to make the exoskeletons of arthropods Cellulose is a strong polysaccharide made by plants and used to build cell walls Cellulose is not easily broken down by most animals and is important as dietary fiber

Fats, Oils, and Waxes Lipids

Elements: C, H, O Builiding Blocks 2 Parts 1. Glycerol: hydrophillic head (water soluble – it is polar) 2. Fatty Acid Chain (Hydrocarbon) : hydrophobic tail (not water soluble - it is non- polar)

Lipids: Basic Facts Large, non-polar molecules Include, fats, phospholipids, and steroids Insoluble in water Composed of fatty acids w/a carboxyl group (COOH) and glycerol Most are waxy or oily (repel water) Capable of storing large amounts of energy (many C-H bonds )

Lipids: Functions Store energy Insulation Chemical Messengers (hormones, steroids) Make up cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Protect vital organs

Lipids: Functions as Steroids Serve as messengers to other cells Help to make the cell membrane Ex: Testosterone, Estrogen, Cholesterol Made of 4 fused carbon rings

Types of Fats Saturated Fats Contain only single bonds Store a lot of energy Solids at Room Temp. Unsaturated Fats Contain a double bond Will kink at the double bond Oils at Room Temp. Poly Unsaturated Contain >1 double bond Have many kinks

Saturated Fat “bad fat” Unsaturated Fat “good fats”

3-D Model of Fat

Lipids: Where are they Found?

DNA and RNA Nucleic Acids

Elements: C, O, H, N, P Basic Building Block: Nucleotide Nucleotide: 1) 5-carbon sugar 2) a phosphate group 3) nitrogenous base Function: DNA and RNA transmit and store genetic information

Proteins

Elements: C,H,O,N Building Blocks: amino acids that are held together by peptide bonds ~ 20 Amino Acids can form 1000’s of proteins

Proteins: Amino Acid Structure Amino acids are composed of an amino group attached to a carbon atom, a carboxyl group and other atoms (R-group)

Structure of Proteins Polypeptide- Long chain of amino acids Proteins fold and bend into globular shapes

Functions of Proteins A protein’s shape is determined by it’s amino acid sequence The different sequences of AA’s change the shape of each protein A protein’s shape determines many of it’s properties

Functions of Proteins Build cells Support Cells Storage Transportation across the cell membrane Movement Defense against foreign substances Accelerating chemical reactions (Catalysts)

Proteins