Diabetes  23.6 million people have diabetes  7.8% of population  1.6 million people ages 20 or older were diagnosed with diabetes in  All of the above information was obtained from NIH.gov.

Diabetes  Disorder of the metabolism  Cells are unable to obtain glucose from the blood for energy  Pancreas produces little or no insulin  Results in high blood-glucose levels.

Insulin  hormone that causes cells to remove glucose from the bloodstream. The body can’t use glucose without insulin.  produced by the pancreas.  After eating, glucose levels rise, our body releases insulin into the bloodstream to help our body process the glucose.  Diabetics, cells don’t respond to insulin, thus glucose builds up and flows into the urine.

Types of Diabetes  Type 1 Diabetes:  Autoimmune disease (body attacks itself)  when the immune system attacks the insulin- producing cells of the pancreas. The body can no longer produce insulin.  May be caused by genetic factors and viruses.  5-10% of all diabetes in US (nih.gov)  Also called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes because diagnoses usually occurs before the age of 18.  Symptoms  increased thirst and urination, fatigue, weight-loss, abdominal pain, absence of menstrual cycle in women.  Treatment  includes daily insulin injections and monitored diet.

Type 2 Diabetes  the pancreas can produce insulin, but the body’s cells fail to response to it.  90-95% of diabetes (nih.gov)  Also call noninsulin-dependent diabetes.  Associated with old age, obesity, family history, lack of exercise  80% of cases are people overweight (nih.gov)  Symptom  increased thirst and urination, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing sores.  Treatment  diet, exercise, and occasional insulin injection.

Treating Diabetes  Type 1 Diabetes: The goal is to keep blood- glucose levels as close to normal as possible.  Must test their blood glucose level several times per day.  May need to give themselves insulin injections.  Type 2 Diabetes:  Maintain a healthy diet to control amount of glucose eaten.  Increase physical activity to help the body use more of the glucose in the bloodstream.

Preventing Diabetes  Currently no way to prevent type 1 diabetes.  Prevention of type 2 diabetes include:  Maintain a healthy weight by proper diet and regular physical activity.  Avoid tobacco products.  Reduce your amount of stress.

Gestational Diabetes  Develops during pregnancy  Disappears after birth of baby  Caused by hormones during pregnancy or shortage of insulin

Gestational Diabetes – Risk Factors Family history of type Age – older increases the risk Obesity Previous pregnancy of child 9 lbs. or more Preeclampsia  high blood pressure during pregnancy   May cause liver and kidney damage   For baby, it interferes with blood flow to the placenta and may affect growth

Arthritis

  condition in which the body’s joints are damaged   leading cause of disability in people over 65

OSTEOARTHRITIS   most common form   cartilage between the joints wears down causing inflammation and pain   bone rubs bone – friction   mostly occurs in hands, hips, knee, and spine   cartilage  cover on the end of bone; acts as a cushion

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Causes   Mostly due to old age   Repetitive use causes joint pain and cartilage eventually breaks down   Heredity

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Symptoms   Develop slowly and worsen over time 1. Pain in a joint during or after use, or after a period of inactivity 2. Tenderness in the joint when you apply light pressure 3. Stiffness in a joint, that may be most noticeable when you wake up in the morning or after a

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Symptoms 4. Loss of flexibility may make it difficult to use the joint 5. Bone spurs, which appear as hard lumps, may form around the affected joint 6. Swelling in some cases

OSTEOARTHRITIS – Risk factors 1 1. Older age. Osteoarthritis typically occurs in older adults. 2. Sex. Women are more likely to develop 3. Bone deformities 4. Joint injuries from playing sports or from an accident 5. Obesity. Carrying more body weight places more stress on your weight-bearing joint

OSTEOARTHRITIS - Treatments Rest Exercise Pain medication Joint replacement Surgery Fusing bones

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS   Immune system attacks the joints (autoimmune)   joints are destroyed resulting in mobility loss and pain   can affect the skin, blood, muscles, heart, and lungs   synovial membrane is inflamed causing bone erosion

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - Complications   joint damage is debilitating and disfiguring making it impossible to complete daily activities

Rheumatoid arthritis often affects the joints in the fingers, as shown in the hand on the left side of the image. Years of joint damage can leave hands deformed and unusable. The hand on the right side of the image has undergone knuckle replacement surgery. Surgery can dramatically improve the appearance and function of the hand and fingers. However, surgery carries risks, and knuckle replacement surgery may make it impossible to close your hand, such as to make a fist.