1. Noncommunicable Diseases
Chapter 19
Noncommunicable Diseases
Lesson 4
Diabetes and Arthritis
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2. A disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy
diabetes
A protein made in the pancreas that regulates the level of glucose in the blood
insulin
type 1 diabetes
A condition in which the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
Click to reveal the definitions.
type 2 diabetes
A condition in which the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces

3. A disease of the joints marked by a painful swelling and stiffness
arthritis
A chronic disease that results from a breakdown in cartilage in the joints
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic disease characterized by pain, inflammation, swelling, and stiffness of the joints
Click to reveal the definitions.

4. In this lesson, you will learn to
describe the different types of diabetes.
identify different types of arthritis.
explain how to manage diabetes and arthritis.

5. Organizing Information
Create a table that helps you sort the information about diabetes and arthritis that appears in this lesson.
Noncommunicable Diseases
Types
Diabetes
Arthritis
Ways to Manage

6. People who have diabetes are referred to as diabetics.
What Is Diabetes?
People who have diabetes are referred to as diabetics.
diabetes A disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy

7. Diabetics’ bodies do not produce or properly use insulin.
What Is Diabetes?
Diabetics’ bodies do not produce or properly use insulin.
insulin A protein made in the pancreases that regulates the level of glucose in the blood
Your body uses insulin to convert the food you eat into the energy that your body’s cells need.

8. Your body breaks down food into glucose, a simple sugar.
What Is Diabetes?
Your body breaks down food into glucose, a simple sugar.
Diabetics either do not produce enough natural insulin, or cannot properly use their insulin to move glucose into their cells.
The pancreas releases insulin, which allows glucose from the blood to enter cells throughout the body.

9. Type 1 diabetes often starts in childhood.
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes often starts in childhood.
Type 1 diabetes A condition in which the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
Somewhere between 5 and 10 percent of diabetic have type 1 diabetes.
When the cells that produce insulin are killed, the body cannot control how much glucose is in the bloodstream.

10. Types of Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes usually starts in adulthood, but it is becoming more and more common among children and teens.
Type 2 diabetes A condition in which the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces
In type 2 diabetes, the cells in the pancreas still make insulin but the body does not use it well.
Between 90 and 95 percent of diabetics have type 2 diabetes.
Obese people and physically inactive people are especially at risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

11. Or, they may receive insulin from a pump attached to their bodies.
Managing Diabetes
People with Type 1 diabetes usually need to regularly inject insulin into their bodies.
Or, they may receive insulin from a pump attached to their bodies.
Although there is no cure for diabetes, people with the disease can keep it under control and lead normal lives.

12. Managing Diabetes
People with Type 2 may also need insulin or other medications.
People with either type of diabetes can help control their disease by making healthy food choices, managing their weight, and becoming physically active.

13. More than 40 million people in the United States have arthritis.
What Is Arthritis?
More than 40 million people in the United States have arthritis.
arthritis A disease of the joints marked by painful swelling and stiffness
The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
This disease is usually linked to older adults, but even children can get arthritis.

14. Osteoarthritis most often affects the knees and hips.
osteoarthritis A chronic disease that results from a breakdown in cartilage in the joints
Risk factors for osteoarthritis include age, heredity, and excess weight.
When cartilage wears down, the bones in the joints rub against each other, causing pain in the joint, swelling, and morning stiffness.

15. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis develops when the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue.
rheumatoid arthritis A chronic disease characterized by pain, inflammation, swelling, and stiffness of the joints
Rheumatoid arthritis can affect any joint in the body, including joints in the shoulders, elbows, hands, hips, and feet.
The joints affected by this disease often become deformed and no longer function normally.

16. Managing Arthritis Physical Activity and Rest A Balanced Eating Plan
Joint Protection
Heat and Cold Treatments
Medication
Massage
Surgery and Joint Replacement
There is no cure for arthritis, but people with the disease can develop a plan to reduce their symptoms and improve their personal health.
Physical activity and rest:
A key to managing arthritis is to develop a good balance between low-impact physical activity and rest.
Physical activity can reduce swelling and help increase flexibility.
A balanced eating plan:
Eating healthy foods helps maintain overall health and keeps weight in control.
Joint protection:
Braces and splints can sometimes be used to help support the joints.
Heat and cold treatments:
Hot baths can ease the pain of some kinds of arthritis.
Cold treatments can help decrease the swelling.
Medication:
Some people who have arthritis take medicine to help ease the pain and swelling and to slow the inflammatory process.
Massage:
When given by a properly trained massage therapist, a very mild massage can help relax the joints and increase blood flow to sore areas.
Surgery and joint replacement:
In extreme cases, surgeons can operate to repair or realign a joint.
A joint may be replaced with an artificial one.

17. What I Learned Vocabulary What is arthritis? Lesson 4 Review
Arthritis is a disease of the joints marked by painful swelling and stiffness.

18. What I Learned Describe Describe the two different types of diabetes.
Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Describe Describe the two different types of diabetes.
Students should describe the symptoms of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

19. Lesson 4 Review
What I Learned
Explain What often happens to a joint affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
The joint often becomes deformed and no longer functions normally.

20. Lesson 4 Review
Thinking Critically
Analysis What do type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis have in common?
In both diseases, the immune system attacks parts of the body.

21. Lesson 4 Review
Thinking Critically
Evaluation Based on what you know about arthritis, how can you help someone with arthritis manage the disease?
Sample answer: Develop a good balance between low-impact physical activity and rest. Have a balanced eating plan.

22. Noncommunicable Diseases
End of
Chapter 19
Noncommunicable Diseases
Lesson 4
Diabetes and Arthritis
Click for:
>> Main Menu
>> Chapter 19 Assessment