Chapter Twelve Industry and the North, 1790s–1840s

12.2: The Transportation Revolution

A. Roads 1.Tied E & W 2.National Community

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

B. Canals & Steamboats 1.Faster; upstream 2.Canal towns 3.New markets: national and internat’l 4.Increase in canals = decrease of isolated lands

5. Steamboats (1807) 1.Increased commerce inland 2.Dangerous = regulation of private enterprise by gov’t Robert Fulton

C. Railroads (1830) 1.Greater impact than canals; PES 2.Technological advances 3.standardization

D. LTC of the Transportation Revolution 1.Make distant markets accessible 2.Increase in investors; foreign and domestic 3.Increase innovation and invention 4.Mobility of people 5.National unity 6.Spread of disease

MAP 12.1 Travel Times, 1800 and 1857 The transportation revolution dramatically reduced travel times, and vastly expanded everyone’s horizons. Improved roads, canals, and the introduction of steamboats and railroads made it easier for Americans to move, and made even those who did not move less isolated. Better transportation linked the developing West to the eastern seaboard and fostered a sense of national identity and pride.

12.3: The Market Revolution Transportation, commercialization & industrialization all contributed to the expanding market revolution

A. Accumulating Capital 1.Local investments 2.Banks 3.King Cotton & slavery 4.Family consolidation 5.Increased nationalism = increased local investments

B. The Putting-out System: LTC?

C. Commercial Markets

D. Agriculture in the NW 1.From subsistence to commercialized farming 2.Regional specialization & cash crops 3.Cash for land purchases 4.Land speculation 5.Technology & expense a. Deere & McCormick b. Credit?

E. Industrialization 1.Manufacturing & mechanization 2.Samuel Slater Father of the American Industrial Revolution (1803) 3.How are work patterns changing? Who are they hiring?

F. Lowell Mills

F. Lowell Mills (1814)

G. “American System of Manufactures” 1.Interchangeable parts 2.Standardization a.Rate of speed = price b.Time is money! c.Expectation of a work ethic 3.Cons: a.Not much variation to products b.Increased dependency on machinery c. slow to implement

12.4: From Artisan to Workers

A. Personal Relationships 1.Child/women labor replaces artisans and apprenticeships 2.Patriarch has less control and children move to cities for work 3.Differing perspective between wage/slave labor

B. Mechanization & Women’s Work 1.Mechanization a.Less skill b.increased productivity c.longer hrs = less pay 2.Constant pace 3.Separation of work and leisure time and space 4.Spectator sports and theater; social class distinctions

C. Cash Economy 1.Distance not a problem 2.Personal work community replaced by impersonal factory job 3.High turnover = sense of mobility; risky behavior 4.Artisans move west

D. “Free Labor” 1.Free to chose your job 2.Can work for someone else 3.Hardworking, self- discipline = success

E. Strikes Early On 1.Women at the forefront w/textile industry 2.Better wages and working conditions 3.Unsuccessful; expendable work force

12.5: A New Social Order: The market revolution creates the growth of the middle class

A. Wealth and Class 1.Pecking order a.Wealthy elite: S. planters and N. merchants b.Middle class: drs, lwyrs, teachers c.Working: Artisans and yeoman d.Enslaved and poor 2.social climbing important 3.Middle class largest growth; growth of work ethic

Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

B. Religion & Personal Life 1.Second Great Awakening 2.Behavior on earth indicative of salvation 3.Individualism and self- discipline 4.Individual, not paternalism, responsible for own success Rev. Charles Finney

C. Middle Class Families 1.“traditional” gender roles: women at home, men at work 2.“women’s sphere”/cult of domesticity 3.marriage more of a partnership 4.Focus on children to be successful 5.Less children; gender roles

D. Sentimentalism 1.Morality based on moral sentiment/emotion 2.Counters the impersonal business world 3.Code of conduct for the middle class

E. Transcendentalism Emerson 1.Spirituality transcends the physical 2.We should lives our lives based on intuition, not reasoning. 3.Materialism frowned upon M. Fuller