Biomolecules Macromolecules

Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (READINESS STANDARD)

Poly – Many Mono - One Hydro - Water Synthesis - to make or form Lysis - loosen or break apart Lipos – fat Bio – life Macro – very large in scale Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots

Life as we know it is carbon based. 95% of all carbon compounds are organic. A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings. Carbon Compounds in living things include: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins (these are called macromolecules). Carbon Compounds

CellOrganelleMacromolecule CityBuildingBrick Macromolecule Analogy

Many individual small molecules are known as monomers Together, these same molecules can combine to form a polymer

POLYMERMONOMER Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Lipids (e.g. fats)Glycerol and Fatty Acids ProteinAmino Acids Nucleic AcidsNucleotides Polymers and Monomers

 The chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off. Dehydration Synthesis

 The chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through the addition of water; essentially the opposite of dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates are energy- rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches. Carbohydrates

Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches. Carbohydrates

FUNCTIONQuick and short term energy FOUND INBreads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn STUCTUREContain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have a 1:2:1 ratio MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLESGlucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane) (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES 100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plants Glycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animals Cellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber) Carbohydrates

Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Carbohydrates

Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals? Lipids

FUNCTIONLong term energy storage Insulate against heat loss Protective cushion around organs FOUND INFatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils STUCTUREContain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid tail/s Don’t dissolve in water FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail PHOSPHOLIPIDS Make up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails) WAXES Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc. STEROIDSIncludes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone Lipids

1 Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails. GLYCEROL BACKBONE Lipids

Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids all attached by dehydration synthesis. How many water molecules are made?

Contain no double bonds between carbons! Carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen. SOLID at room temperature!!! Ex: Butter, lard, shortening, bacon

Have double bonds between carbons! Liquid at room temperature! Ex: Oils

Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Lipids

 Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.  Protein molecules are made of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins

FUNCTIONBuilding blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions) FOUND INMeat, Eggs and Cheese STUCTUREMuch larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen. BUILDING BLOCKSAmino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids) PEPTIDE BONDS Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides) DENATURATION When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function. Proteins

Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Proteins

Proteins - Amino Acids R group makes each amino acid different There are 20 different amino acids.

Amino acids:joined by peptide bonds (dehydration synthesis again!!) Dipeptide (two amino acids) Polypeptide (many amino acids) What is made each time A.A. are joined ?____ Order of A.A. determines shape of protein Shape determines FUNCTION!

Denatured = misshapen Causes: temperature, pH, salt concentration, and other environmental factors THINK about what happens when you grill a steak!! Or chicken! Or Fry an Egg! (or boil Egg)

 Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides.  DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins. Nucleic Acid

FUNCTIONImportant for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from) FOUND INGenes – 2 types DNA and RNA STUCTURESugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases BUILDING BLOCKSNucleotides ATP A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP. SHAPE DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape Nucleic Acid

This is a polymer

Nucleotide of a polymer This is a monomer

Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprints” for life. What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”? Nucleic Acid - DNA

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA

NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

CHROMOSOME

NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

NOTICE: The nitrogen and R- group