1. bioMOLECULES
THE STUFF OF LIFE

2. Biomolecules Organic molecules made up of: Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen
Oxygen
and sometimes Phosphorus

3. LATIN 101 Poly = Many Mono = One Hydro = Water (actually Greek)
Synthesis = to make or
form
Lysis = loosen;
break apart
Lipos = fat

4. Carbon compounds and cells
Life as we know it is carbon-based.
A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.

5. Carbon compounds and cells
Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

6. ORGANIC compounds-COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON
95% of all compounds are organic
Example:
Glucose C6H12O6

8. BUILDING BLOCKS ANALOGY
City
Building
Brick
Cell
Organelle
Macromolecule

9. Polymers – large organic molecules made of smaller parts known as monomers (Building blocks of polymers)

10. FOUR MACROMoleculeS of LIFE
POLYMER
MONOMER
Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Lipids (e.g. fats)
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Protein
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides

11. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
(they store energy)
Cells use carbohydrates
to get and store energy.
Carbohydrates add
structure to plants (cellulose)
Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches.

12. Carbohydrates Plant cells store energy as starch.
Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.

13. CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION Quick and short term energy FOUND IN
Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn
STRUCTURE
(1:2:1 ratio)
1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have two hydrogen for every one oxygen (hydrate-like water H20)
MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES -- glucose, dextrose
Glucose (C6H12O6)
DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
-- sucrose (plain sugar,
lactose (milk sugar
Lactose (milk sugar)
Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane)
(C12H22O11)
POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
-- potatoes, bread, grains, corn
100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined
Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plants
Glycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animals
Cellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)

14. LIPIDS
Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time.
Used to make membranes in cells.
Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes.
Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?

15. LIPIDS “Lipos-FAT” FUNCTION Long term energy storage
Insulate against heat loss
Protective cushion around organs
FOUND IN
Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils
STRUCTURE
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements)
Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid chains
Does not dissolve in water
FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)
One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Make up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)
WAXES
Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc.
STEROIDS
Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone
Point out that while lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that the hydrogen and oxygen are not in a 2:1 ratio like carbohydrates.

16. PROTEINS
Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
Protein molecules are made of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.
Control structure & metabolism of cells

17. PROTEINS
FUNCTION
Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions)
FOUND IN
Meat, Eggs and Cheese
STRUCTURE
Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.
BUILDING BLOCKS
Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids)
PEPTIDE BONDS
Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)
DENATURATION
When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function.

18. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides.
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins. DNA is the “blueprint” for living organisms.

19. Nucleic acids FUNCTION
Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from)
FOUND IN
Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA
STRUCTURE
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases
BUILDING BLOCKS
Nucleotides
ATP
A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP.
SHAPE
DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape

20. Nucleotide – monomer of nucleic acids

21. DNA Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprint” for life.
What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?

22. QUIZ TIME
WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

23. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

24. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
NOTICE:
the twisted shape of DNA

25. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

26. am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

27. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

28. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

29. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
CHROMOSOME

30. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?

31. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

32. Am I a Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, Protein or lipid?
NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group

33. MACROMOLECULE FOLDABLE
Fold and cut a piece of paper as shown below to make 4 tabs.
Hamburger-fold Then, fold this in half
a piece of paper to make creases for flaps.
Next. Open the paper up and Cut along the creases
fold the edges to the center. to make flaps.
A B
C D
FRONT SIDE OF TABS:
Tab A
1. Label the tab CARBOHYDRATE (BLUE).
2. Write a basic description.
3. Sketch and color a GLUCOSE molecule
TAB B
1. Label the tab LIPID (GREEN)
2. List what lipids include.
3. Sketch and label a TRIGLYCERIDE molecule.
TAB C
1. Label the tab PROTEIN (RED)
3. Sketch and color an AMINO ACID
TAB D
1. Label the tab NUCLEIC ACID (PURPLE)
3. Sketch and color a NUCLEOTIDE
BACK SIDE OF TABS:
TAB A
1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
2. List 4 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
TAB B
1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF LIPID
2. List 4 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS 
TAB C
1. Give 4 FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
2. List 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS 
TAB D
1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
2. List 2 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
ON THE INSIDE CENTER SECTION, write this heading at the top of the page:
“COMPOUNDS IN A PERSON”.
Draw a human, and show where/how the 4 macromolecules are used in the body.
On the back of the Foldable, write your name and class period.
Below your name and class period, write and define the following terms:
1. POLYMER (also – draw and label a diagram)
2. MONOMER (also – draw and label a diagram)