UNIT 2 REVIEW

WORLD RELIGIONS Animism Symbol: none Name of Deity(ies): Spirits in nature Founder: none (Neanderthals) Holy Book: none Leader- ship: shaman/priestess Basic Beliefs: belief that a soul or spirit existed in every object The spirit, therefore, was thought to be universal

Hinduism Name of Deity(ies): 100s, but the big 3 are Brahma (Creator) Shiva (Destroyer) Vishnu (Preserver) Founder: none Holy Book: Veda Leadership: Brahmin Basic Beliefs: diverse beliefs, more religious traditions than actual beliefs

Hinduism 2. Reincarnation: It is the belief that one has lived before and will live again in another body after death. 9. Karma: good things come from doing good things and bad things come from doing bad things 61.Caste system: ranked society according to occupational class.

Buddhism Name of Deity(ies): none: a philosophy not a Religion; No worship of God or gods, or belief in life after death Founder: Siddhartha Gautama/Buddha Holy Book: no one text Leader ship: Dali Lama, Buddhist monks & nuns 10. Basic Beliefs: 4 Noble Truths: that suffering exists because of desire and that desire can be eliminated by following the Eight-Fold Path

Buddhism 11. Eight-Fold Path: The right views, resolve, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration. 12. Nirvana: tranquility and peace; the transcendent state of freedom achieved by the extinction of desire and of individual consciousness.

3. Monotheism: belief in 1 god Judaism Name of Deity(ies): God Founder: Abraham Holy Book: Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) Leadership: Rabbis Basic Beliefs: 1 God who is kind and loves people, but holds people accountable for their sins. People serve God by studying Bible.

Christianity Name of Deity: God: Holy Trinity Founder: Apostles of Jesus Christ Holy Book: Bible Leadership: Ministers, Priests, nuns, monks Basic Beliefs: There is only one God who watches over people. His son, Jesus, died to save humanity from sin. His resurrection made an afterlife possible for others.

Ten Commandments: Laws for Jews and Christians

Terms 1. Fast: the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food 4. Pilgrimage: travel to a holy site 6. Polytheism: belief in many gods 7. Holy books: books that contain text from religious figures: Bible, Qur’an, Torah, Vega

Islam 15. Name of Deity(ies): Allah Founder: Muhammad 14. Holy Book: Qur’an Leadership: Muslim scholars and Mullahs Basic Beliefs: People achieve salvation by following the 5 Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Almsgiving, Fasting during Ramadan; Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) 5. Mecca: where the Ka'ba, a mosque (built by Abraham) built around a black stone that Abraham found (meteorite). Holiest place on earth for Muslims and they pray 5 times a day facing Mecca.

Islam 19. Mecca to Medina: Muhammad left Mecca for Medina in 622 AD to join the increasing number of Muslims who immigrated to Medina to escape persecution in Mecca. In Medina, he established a nation of equals based on the brotherhood between the Muslims in Medina and those from Mecca regardless of wealth or social status.

Mecca to Medina

Confucianism: 5 Relationships 8. The Five Relationships 1) Father and son 2) Husband and wife 3) Elder and younger brothers 4) Ruler and subject 5) Friend and friend Social harmony—the great goal of Confucianism— comes from every individual knowing his or her place in the social order, and playing his or her part well.

Daoism Name of Deity(ies) none Founder: Lao-tzu was one of the many Holy Book: none Leadership: none Basic Beliefs: people should seek to fulfill their potential harmony with the universe, by quietly contemplating the natural tendency in things.

Jainism 21. religion which contains many elements similar to Hinduism and Buddhism The world's almost 4 million Jains are almost entirely located in India.

Solomonite Empire 24. Founded by son of King Solomon and Queen of Sheba (supposedly) 25. & 26. Zoskales: expanded empire & increased trade

Aksum 27. Ezana, c AD brought Christianity to Aksum & built Pillars of Aksum, minted coins (printed with Greek words)

African kingdoms like during the Middle Ages? 29. Large and well organized Africans had centralized governments during the age of European feudalism.

30. African religions Nok: Animistic Bantu: Animistic Ghana: Animistic coverted to Islam Mali: Islam Songhai: Islam Aksum: Christiantity Zimbabwe: Animistic coverted to Islam Berbers: Animistic coverted to Islam

Aksum 100 BC- 700 AD 23. East Africa on Red Sea, grew by controlling trade; part of Silk Road: goods from Roman Empire to India & China, Goods from Africa, India, China to Rome

30. African Religion Benin: The Oba (ruler) was worshiped He could not be seen eating in public, or appear ill. Unlike mortal men, the Oba did not need to sleep.

Islam Spread Across N. Africa 31. The Umayyad Dynasty starting in c. 630 AD, spread Islam from the Arab nations westward across North Africa

32. Islam 622 AD

The Bantu Migration 33. The Bantu migrated because they needed more land to grow more food. 33. Where the Bantu migrated

33. Bantu wiped out other less advanced people 34. Africa’s geography has natural barriers that prevented cultural diffusion: cultural diversity resulted. Deserts, jungles and rivers with rapids & falls prevented movement of people

40. The Nok 500 BC AD 40. terracotta figures made with skill and artistry

Nok 22. c.500 BC – c. 200 AD. Not much known: mysteriously vanished extremely advanced social system: end of the Neolithic age and start of the Iron Age in Africa. The oldest known example of terracotta sculpture in Africa, south of the Sahara. Wide diversity of subject matter, variation in style, treatment and scale. Highly skilled

28. Pillars of Aksum: marked the tombs of rulers

23. Aksum Terrace Farming: allows greater water retention and increased food production Decline of Aksum, 900 AD, loss of trade to the Persians and Arabs. Muslim invaders from Yemen forced the peoples of coastal Aksum into the interior. The Red Sea belonged to the Muslim traders. Also deterioration in the environment from the long-term cutting down of trees and over-exploitation of the soil

Africa’s Geography created isolated societies desertsjungles rapids on rivers no natural harbors

35. The Umayyad Dynasty Umayyad Introduced Islam to Western Africa 35. Ghana, Mali & Songhai became Muslim, also Berbers 35. Timbuktu, Gao, & Jenne

Gold for Salt 36. Goods traded in Western/Northern Africa: (what for what)

37. Umayyads, trade & Mansa Musa spread Islam

38. Ibn Battuta Reported on Western African practicing of Islam

39. Neolithic vs. Paleolithic Neolithic: Domesticated animals and plants, lived in villages, specialized labor, trade. Led to civilization Paleolithic: Hunter Gathers, nomadic. Used stone tools, fire

41. Mansa Musa: King of Mali Inspired by what he saw on his hajj, Mansa Musa brought back manuscripts and the goal to create centers of learning in Timbuktu, Goa and Jenne Cultural Diffusion resulted

37. What is “Cultural Diffusion”? the process by which a cultural trait, material object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another

MAYANS 38. Mayan Empire was located in Mesoamerica in modern southern Mexico on the Yucatan penisular

39. MAYANS 2000 B.C. to 900 A.D.

MAYAN Written language 40. Hieroglyphics that were a combination of phonetic symbols and ideograms. It is the only writing system of the Pre- Columbian New World Their books were destroyed by the Catholic Priests who went to convert the Native Americans

41. MAYAN TEMPLES

42. MAYAN RELIGION worship of nature gods (gods of sun, rain and corn), a priestly class, the importance of astronomy and astrology, rituals of human sacrifice, and the building of pyramid temples.

RIVERS VALLEYS 43. The Indus, Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Huang He civilizations all had rivers, written languages and complex civilizations

44. Western half invaded by Barbarians 45. Byzantine Empire 46. Connected to Europe by Roman roads. (arch)

Byzantine Empire: Justinian 47. Conquered North Africa and retook Italy from the Ostrogoths, this drained the Byzantine Empire of much-needed resources, so he raised taxes Nika Revolt: Theodora challenged him to stay and fight it out.

Byzantine Empire: Justinian Code 48. The body of laws from throughout the Roman Empire. The Justinian Code {Corpus iuris civilis} became the foundation of all European law and legal practice (except for England). Santa Sophia in Constantinople

Icons: religious Images 49. Eastern half becomes Eastern Orthodox: run by Patriarch who is chosen by Emperor. The Iconoclastic (against icons) theologians believed that the worship of images, or icons, was a fundamentally pagan belief. Products of human hands should not be worshipped

50. Wealth from trade as Silk Road end point. 51. Byzantine Preserves Greek and Roman Culture almost all of the Greek literature we have today was only preserved by the Byzantines Craftsmen, silk makers create goods from raw materials acquired from Silk Road

52. Greco-Roman heritage Literature, philosophy, science & government Homer, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, astrolabe, Ptolemy, democracy & republic

53. Byzantine Church Spreads to Russia Cyrillic Alphabet: n amed after St. Cyril, a missionary from Constantinople. Based on Greek Alphabet so Slavs could read Bible in Russian 54. the Slavs and the Vikings united Russia into a kingdom 55. Russian Tsars declared the Kingdom of Rus to be the "third Rome," after Rome and Byzantine Empires

Arab World 57. Code of Hammurabi, the earliest-known body of laws, was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high in Mesopotamia/Babylon 56. Fertile Crescent

58. Islam Begins 622 AD The Prophet Muhammad ( ) was an Arab prophet who founded Islam, today the religion of a fifth of mankind. 59. He wrote Islam’s holy book, the Qur’an but he is in no way divine.

Islam: 5 Pillars Islam spread as it created a powerful empire which protected people and gave them freedom to continue their own cultural practices. 61. Islamic traders would only trade with other Muslims. 60.

Islamic Golden Age 62. Cultural Diffusion: a cultural trait, material object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another; 63. Islamic medicine: translation and analysis of the works of Ancient Greeks such as Hippocrates; synthesized knowledge in medical encyclopedias. Progress was apparent in all medical fields, including anatomy, surgery, anesthesia, cardiology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, bacteriology, urology, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry (including psychotherapy), hygiene, dietetics, and dentistry.

Islamic Golden Age: Math 63. Algebra, introduced the writing down of calculations in place of using the abacus. Algorithm 63. Astronomy: Astrolabes, ancient astronomical computers for solving problems relating to time and the position of the sun and stars in the sky; 63. Calculated the diameter of the earth, the sizes and distances of the planets and made many observations on the stars and planets

63. Islamic Art No pictures of People or Animals Geometric tile work Calligraphy

64. CHINESE Dynasties Ancient Yellow River: 2000 BC BC Shang 1750 BC – 1000 BC Oracle Bones Zhou 1000BC – 221 BC: Warring states, marked by wars Qin: 221 – 206 BC: Legalism, tomb with terracotta soldiers, Great Wall Han: 206 BC – 220 AD: silk road, roads built, Confucianism Tang: 618 – 907: distribution of land to peasants (15 acres); bureaucratic government based on exams (meritocracy); persecuted Buddhists, created Movable type for printing press, printed money, gunpowder Song: 907 – 1279: Golden Age of Chinese culture, art, technology for travel (trade), weapons using gunpowder

The Mandate of Heaven: & The Dynastic Cycle 50. The Mandate of Heaven: Ruler’s Power is given to him by Heaven

51. terrace farming

46. Buddhism Philosophy to find the source of suffering and how to end suffering by controling desire,

47. Confucius A thinker and educator, His teachings, preserved in the Analects, describe the ideal man, how such an individual should live his live and interact with others, and the forms of society and government in which he should participate.

Buddhism & Confucianism 48. Philosophy to create harmonious society through each person honoring their role in the 5 major relationships: 49. The 5 major relationships: (1) ruler to ruled; *(2) father to son; (3) husband to wife; (4) elder brother to younger brother; (5) friend to friend.

Huang He River (Yellow)

53. Silk Road 54. silk, paper,(55) china, gems, spices, ivory, horses, dogs, camels, exotic animals, gold, gunpowder, (56) knowledge, religions

T’ang Dynasty The printing of books and sharing of ideas. Advances in art (poetry)

The Pillars of Asoka Laws, inscribed on rocks and pillars, proclaim Asoka's reforms and policies and promulgate his advice to his subjects.

58. Gupta, a golden age peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors

Gupta Empire 320 to 600 AD 58. the concept of zero Algebra Algorithm square root and cube root. the decimal system the Earth moves round the sun. Gravity Trigonometry Reflection

59. Hinduism & Buddhism Reincarnation Karma 60. Gods: Brahma (Creator) Shiva (Destroyer) Vishnu (Preserver) 61.

Buddha 534 BC 62. Buddhism: Siddhartha wanted to find out about the origin of suffering 4 Noble Truths 8 Fold Path