Earth Science Chapter 12 Energy & Material Resources

Different Forms of Energy 6 different types : 6 different types : Mechanical Mechanical Thermal Energy Thermal Energy Chemical Energy Chemical Energy Electrical Energy Electrical Energy Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic Energy Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy

Energy Conversion and Conservation Most forms of energy can be converted from one type to another. Most forms of energy can be converted from one type to another. Law of the Conservation of Energy - states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes from one form into another Law of the Conservation of Energy - states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes from one form into another Electrical

Einstein’s theory of Relativity - E = mc 2 Einstein’s theory of Relativity - E = mc 2 a small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendous amount of energy a small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendous amount of energy E = the energy produced E = the energy produced m = the mass being converted m = the mass being converted c = the speed of light (186,000 miles/second) c = the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)

A fuel is a substance that provides a form of energy—such as heat, light, electricity, or motion A fuel is a substance that provides a form of energy—such as heat, light, electricity, or motion – coal power plant Energy & Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels Energy-rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms Energy-rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms Formed millions of years ago Formed millions of years ago Are considered nonrenewable resources Are considered nonrenewable resources The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas Made of Hydrocarbons Made of Hydrocarbons

H ydrocarbon s - energy-rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen H ydrocarbon s - energy-rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen During combustion - carbon + hydrogen + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy The combustion of fossil fuels provides more energy per kilogram than the combustion of other fuels such as wood

Fossil Fuels - Coal Solid fossil fuel formed from decaying plant matter. Solid fossil fuel formed from decaying plant matter. A Sedimentary Rock obtained through underground mining or open pit mining A Sedimentary Rock obtained through underground mining or open pit mining Advantages – The most plentiful and inexpensive fossil fuel in the United States The most plentiful and inexpensive fossil fuel in the United States Easy to transport Easy to transport Provides a lot of energy Provides a lot of energy

Disadvantages – Mining increases erosion Run off from mines causes water pollution Burning coal causes air pollution

Oil (Petroleum) is a thick, black liquid fossil fuel. Oil (Petroleum) is a thick, black liquid fossil fuel. Oil is formed from the remains of small ocean-living organisms. Oil is formed from the remains of small ocean-living organisms. Deposits located in tiny holes of limestone and sand stone deep below the surface of the earth Deposits located in tiny holes of limestone and sand stone deep below the surface of the earth Fossil Fuels - Oil

Crude Oil - Oil first pumped out of the ground Crude Oil - Oil first pumped out of the ground Crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating in a refinery Crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating in a refinery Petrochemicals are compounds that are made from oil. Used to make plastics, paints, medicines, cosmetics Petrochemicals are compounds that are made from oil. Used to make plastics, paints, medicines, cosmetics

Natural gas is 95% Methane, (CH 4 ) & other gases. Natural gas is 95% Methane, (CH 4 ) & other gases. Natural gas forms from the same organisms as oil. Natural gas forms from the same organisms as oil. Because it is less dense than oil, natural gas often rises above an oil deposit, forming a pocket. Because it is less dense than oil, natural gas often rises above an oil deposit, forming a pocket. Fossil Fuels - Natural Gas

Advantages – Natural gas produces large amounts of energy but lower levels of many air pollutants than coal or oil Natural gas produces large amounts of energy but lower levels of many air pollutants than coal or oil Is fairly easy to transport. Is fairly easy to transport. Disadvantages – Highly flammable Highly flammable

Solar Solar Wind Wind Water Water Biomass Biomass Geothermal Geothermal Tides Tides Renewable Sources of Energy

1. light and heat energy from the sun. 2. source of most of the renewable energy sources. 3. In one day the earth receives enough solar energy to meet the energy needs of the entire world for 40 years. Solar Energy

Advantages – 1. No pollution 2. Will not run out for billions of years Disadvantages – 1. Only available when the sun is shining 2. Solar energy storage systems are not available 3. Sunlight is very spread out – is expensive

Capturing Solar Energy Solar Power Plants Solar Power Plants Solar Cells Solar Cells Passive solar heating Passive solar heating Active solar heating Active solar heating

Hydroelectric Power Sun is indirect source of water power (water cycle) Advantages – 1. Once the dam and power plant are built, hydroelectric power is inexpensive and clean. 2. A steady supply of energy 3. No air pollution Disadvantages – 1. Most suitable rivers have already been dammed 2. Dams can have negative effects on the environment – sediment build up and dam failure

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Wind Power Indirect form of solar energy Indirect form of solar energy Large wind farms contain many wind turbines. The turbines turn to generate electricity. Large wind farms contain many wind turbines. The turbines turn to generate electricity. Advantages – 1. Wind power causes no pollution and is renewable 2. Low cost - the fastest-growing energy resource Disadvantages – 1. need for steady strong winds 2. requires a lot of land 3. opposition to the building of wind farms in scenic areas

Biomass Fuels Fuels made from material that was once part of a living thing – leaves, food waste, manure, wood gasohol – crops make alcohol- can be added to gasoline – gasohol (fuel for cars) methane - from bacteria in land fills can be used to heat buildings

Geothermal Energy Magma that comes close to the surface of the earth is used to convert eater to steam Advantages – UnlimitedCheap Disadvantages – Very few places where magma comes close to earth's surface Deep wells can be dug but would be expensive

Energy from Tides Harnesses the regular rise & fall of the oceanic tides, Tidal power plants use this regular flow to turn turbines and generate electricity. Advantages – 1. Clean 2. renewable source Disadvantages- 1. Can only be effective if the difference between high and low tide is at least 4-5m 2. Dam across a bay blocks boats and ships from passing

Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fission – the splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei. Some atoms like Uranium – 235 (U-235)have an unstable nucleus. 1. A nuclear fission reaction begins when a neutron strikes an unstable atom (U-235)

2. A stable atom of Uranium-235 becomes an unstable (radioactive) atom of Uranium-236 when it absorbs a neutron. 3. The nucleus of an unstable U-236 atom breaks apart spontaneously, releasing a large amount of energy, nuclei of two lighter elements, and three neutrons. 4. Other U-235 atoms can absorb the neutrons that are released in the reaction, forming more unstable atoms.

5. As increasing numbers of unstable atoms experience fission, more energy and neutrons are released, resulting in a chain reaction of fission. 02page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Nuclear Power Plants The energy released in a chain nuclear reaction is controlled in a power plant. In a nuclear power plant, the heat energy released from fission is used to change water into steam. The steam then turns the blades of a turbine to generate electricity. Fuel for Nuclear Power Plants – Uranium is an ore – non renewable resource

The reactor vessel contains rods of uranium made from uranium pellets, called fuel rods. The reactor vessel contains rods of uranium made from uranium pellets, called fuel rods. The chain reaction is controlled by placing control rods made of the metal cadmium between the fuel rods. The chain reaction is controlled by placing control rods made of the metal cadmium between the fuel rods. The heat that is produced is used to boil water to produce steam, which runs the electrical generator. The heat that is produced is used to boil water to produce steam, which runs the electrical generator.

A A A A Advantages – No air pollution – do not emit CO 2 Disadvantages – 1. Too much heat can cause fuel rods to melt leading to explosions 2. Disposal of radioactive wastes 3. Large amount of heat released into the atmosphere and bodies of water nearby

Nuclear Fusion - Two hydrogen nuclei combine to create a helium nucleus, which has slightly less mass than the two hydrogen nuclei. The lost mass is converted to large amounts of energy. Renewable – water has hydrogen that Can be used

Advantages – 1. Renewable source 2. No air pollution 3. No radio active waste Disadvantages – Reaction can occur only at very high temperature and pressure – still being studied. In order to produce energy, the fuel must be heated to 100,000,000°C.

Nuclear Energy - Fusion

Energy Conservation One way to preserve energy resources is to increase the efficiency of energy use. One way to preserve energy resources is to increase the efficiency of energy use. Another way is to conserve energy whenever possible. Another way is to conserve energy whenever possible. Efficiency - increasing the percentage of energy used to do work and decreasing the percentage of energy that is lost to surroundings

Energy efficiency can be improved in man y areas of our life- 1. Heating and Cooling – using insulation to block heat flow between the air inside and outside of a building – fiberglass insulation or a layer of air (windows)

2. Lighting - using compact fluorescent bulbs. Less than 10% of electricity that an incandescent bulb uses is converted into light. The rest is lost as heat.

3. Transportation - better engines and tires, public transportation, carpooling

Energy Conservation - reducing the use of energy WalkingRecycling Turning off lights and electrical appliances when not in use

Recycling Material Resources Municipal Solid Waste - consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.

Three methods of handling solid waste are burning, burying, and recycling. Incineration – burning of solid waste Advantages – Very little space needed Very little space needed Ground water is not polluted Ground water is not polluted Heat produced can be used to produce electricity Heat produced can be used to produce electricity

Disadvantages – Release pollution Release pollution Do not completely destroy solid waste Do not completely destroy solid waste Expensive to build Expensive to build

Landfills – What can individuals do? These are sometimes called the "three R's“ - reduce, reuse recycle Reduce refers to creating less waste in the first place. Reuse refers to finding another use for an object rather than discarding it. Recycle refers to reclaiming raw materials to create new products.