Chapter 13

SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics.  a. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne.  b. Describe the political impact of Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV.  c. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.  d. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities.

Essential Questions  How did the introduction of new ideas, concepts, beliefs lead to political, economic, and social changes?  How did conflict within and/or between societies bring about change/s?  How did the role of church and government change during this period?  How did those changes impact a country’s social structure?

Main ideas  The Roman Empire broke into small kingdoms. During the Middle Ages, Charlemagne and Otto the Great tried to revive the empire. Both allied themselves with the church.  Weak rulers and the decline of central authority led to a feudal system where local lords with large estates assumed power. This lead to trouble with the church.

Timeline  511 Clovis unites the Franks under the Christian rule  732 Charles Martel stops Muslim invasion  800 Pope Leo III crowns the Frankish king Charlemagne emperor  843 Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne’s empire  900’s Outside invasions spur growth of feudalism  962 Otto the Great becomes emperor

Germanic kingdoms unite under Charlemagne  Invasions of Western Europe  Disruption of Trade Merchants faced invasions – businesses collapses – break down Europe’s cities as economic centers  Downfall of Cities Cities abandoned as centers of administration  Population Shifts Roman centers of trade/government collapse Nobles retreat to the country (with city dwellers)

 Decline of Learning Germanic invaders were illiterate Only church officials could read  Loss of a Common Language Latin changes – new dialects emerge  Concept of Government changes Borders shift with constant wars Loyalties lie with local lords Germans stress personal ties

Clovis Rules the Franks  Gaul: Franks hold power Brings Christianity to the Franks at urging Clothilde (converts just before battle) Clovis unites the Franks and forms an alliance with the Church of Rome  Germans adopt Christianity: Religious communities (monasteries) were created to continue to spread Christianity in the country Run by monks and nuns

Roman Empire and Franks

Clovis’ Reign Enlarges Frankish Empire

Clovis

St Benedict and Scholastica Set up monasteries and a strict set of rules for monasteries Became a model for other monasteries Best educated communities The Venerable Bede: wrote a history of England Papal Power Expands under Gregory I: ○ Broadened the powers of the pope ○ Secular – worldly power in politics ○ Idea of a churchly kingdom

The Empire Emerges  Charles Martel (the Hammer) Major domo- mayor of the palace Charged with running the royal households and estates Led armies and made policies Extended the Frank’s reign over Europe Defeated Moors in Spain Battle of Tours Passed kingdom to Pepin the Short  Thus begins the Carolingian Dynasty ( )

Charles Martel

Charlemagne Becomes Emperor Son of Pepin the Short (6’4”) Empire built greater than Rome Spread Christianity with untied Western Europe Pope Leo III crowned him “Roman Emperor”  Signaled the joining of Germanic power, the church and the heritage of the Roman Empire

Charlemagne

Emperor Charlemagne

Charlemagne’s Revival Limited the power of the nobles Royal agents sent out to make sure Landholders (counts) rule justly Encouraged learning – opened a palace school Ordered monasteries to open schools Crowns Louis the Pious as heir 843 – Treaty of Verdun Divided the kingdom into 3 kingdoms Result: Carolingian Dynasty broke down Feudalism arises

Treaty of Verdun

10 th and 11 Century Invasions