Bacteria Chapter 7

3 basic shapes of bacteria 1. spherical – cocci (singular coccus) 2. rod shaped – bacilli (singular bacillus) 3. spiral – spirilla (singular spirillum)

Parts of bacterial cell Cytoplasm Cell membrane cell wall 1 circular chromosome Plasmid (smaller piece of DNA) ribosomes

Special Features capsule – thick sticky gel –like layer around outside of cell wall Protects bacteria from destruction by other cells Help it to stick to surfaces Slime layer – helps bacteria to stick to surfaces Reduces water loss

Flagella – help them to move

Characteristics of Bacteria Found everywhere on earth Smaller than plant and animal cells One-celled organism Grow alone or in groups or chains

Reproduction Sexual reproduction – conjugation Requires a joining of cells to exchange genetic material Draw this diagram

Reproduction Asexual - binary fission Splitting in two

Obtaining food Producers Autotrophs Make own food – contain chlorophyll

Consumers – eat other organisms Heterotrophs Consumers – Decompose dead or decaying matter Parasites Live off living organisms and absorb nutrition from hosts. E. coli

Aerobic and anaerobic Aerobic – bacteria that need oxygen to live Anaerobic – bacteria that do not need oxygen to live

Archaebacteria Found in extreme conditions Salty - halophites Boiling hot- thermophites acidic Methane producers Muddy swamps Intestines of cattle Us

Pneumonia bacteria

Bacteria subgroups Eubacteria - cyanobacteria – blue green bacteria Make own food O2 waste Red, black, or yellow Importance; Make Oxygen for organisms that live in water Used as food source

Cyanobacteria Eubacteria Autotrophs Cyano – blue/green bacteria - yellow, red and black Single celled Colonies – chains or filaments Reproduce – fission Used as food by fish

Disadvantages: Bloom – mat of bubbly green slime on water Resources used up and bacterial die Consumer bacteria feed on it and use up oxygen. Organisms that live in water die

What kinds of bacteria are shown below?

Lab page 192 textbook Page 191 Numbers; 1,2,3,5,6 On loose leaf to be handed in Gloeocapsa Anabaena Nostoc Oscillatoria

Bacteria in Your Life Section 8-2 Beneficial bacteria Saprophyte – organism that uses dead material as food and energy Digest dead organisms Recycle nutrients Used to make cheese, sauerkraut, vinegar,medications

Nitrogen fixing bacteria Beneficial bacteria Nodules – found on plants that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria - legumes Ex. Peanuts, peas, soybeans Take nitrogen from air for plants to use In return plant gives bacteria sugar. Helps fertilize soil Helps other organisms to produce protein Mutualism – organisms help each other to live

Harmful bacteria Pathogen – any organism that produces disease Ex: anthrax in cattle Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough Antibiotic – substance produced by one organism that inhibits or kills another organism Ex. Penicillin, prevents bacteria from making cell walls. W/o cannot survive

Vaccine Made from damaged particles from bacteria’s cell walls, or killed or weakened bacteria cells. When injected the white blood cells recognize that bacteria and attack it.

Toxins Produced by pathogens Poisons Ex. Botulism – food poisoning - can cause paralysis and death Clostridium botulumum

Endospores – thick walled structure around bacteria to protect them from heat or dryness - can exist for years until right conditions for growth - some anaerobic and grow in cans

How endospores are formed 1. Copy of chromosome 2. Cell membrane pinches off copy 3. Mother cell swallows daughter cell. Now, two membranes layers surround daughter cell 4. Thick wall/spore coat is made 5. Tough outer coating made 6. Mother cell withers away. 7. Spore made.

Pasteurization Process of heating food to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria

Complete in Notebook Page 191 A. Draw and label this bacterial cell. Self Check 1,2,3,4,5 Applying Math Page 205 29 and 30 A. Draw and label this bacterial cell. 3 2 1 4 5 6 B What shape bacteria? 7