2. Old Kingdom: MONERANS New: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Bacteria

3. Monerans - prokaryotic cells Do not have a membrane-bound nucleus Size is 1-10 micrometers (1 micrometer is 1 thousandth of a millimeter) 4 Phyla (old system) 1. Eubacteria - true bacteria, surrounded by cell wall 2. Archaebacteria - live in harsh environments 3. Cyanobacteria - blue-green, photosynthetic 4. Prochlorobacteria - contain chlorophyll, like plants

4. Identification 1. Cell shapes Bacilli - rod shaped

5. Cell shape Cocci - spherical

6. Cell shape Spirilli - spiral shaped

7. Identification 2. Cell wall - Gram staining Gram positive - takes in dye and is violet Gram negative - appears red. Usually disease causing bacteria. Chemical differences in cell wall

8. Identification 3. Movement –Flagella –Lash, snake or spiral forward –Glide along slime layer –No movement at all

9. Identification 4. Obtain energy Autotrophs - can make own food a. Phototrophic - traps sunlight b. Chemotrophic - uses inorganic molecules

10. Identification Heterotroph - cannot make own food. Takes in organic molecules, breaks down and absorbs.

11. Respiration Obligate aerobes - must have oxygen Obligate anaerobes - does not need oxygen –Tetanus and Clostridium botulinium Facultative anaerobes - with or without oxygen

12. Reproduction Binary fission - asexual cell division Conjugation - sexual exchange of genetic info Spore formation endospore- thick internal wall that encloses DNA. Grows when conditions are right.

13. Importance of Bacteria A. Good Bacteria Production of food cheese, buttermilk, wine Industrial use - digest oil from spills, remove poisons from water, used to synthesize drugs.

14. Symbiosis - live with other organisms. Ex:E. coli in intestines helps absorption Nutrient flow - bacteria recycle & decompose dead material to return to soil Nitrogen fixation for plants

15. Importance of Bacteria B. Bad bacteria Pathogenic - disease causing –Diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, tetanus, syphilis, cholera & bubonic plague

16. Controlling bacteria growth Freezing - stops growth Refrigeration - slows growth Canning - heat to boil, seals out air but some endospores will survive

17. Controlling bacteria growth Drying - no moisture Salt - if enough then no growth Radiation & alcohol - used to sterilize & kill Antibiotics - drugs & natural compounds that attack and destroy

18. Viruses A noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells (a parasite needs a host)

19. Viruses A. Composed of DNA or RNA (not both!) surrounded by a capsid (protein coat) B. Not composed of cells. Infect living cells, grows, reproduces & evolves –Bacteriophage: virus that invades bacteria C. Shapes –Rod –Tadpole –Many sided (helical or cube-like)

20. Viruses D. Vary in size (20 - 400 nanometers) 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter E. Viruses classifed according to host –Bacteria –Plant viruses –Human & other animal viruses (HIV & SIV) F. Viruses mutate and become stronger in next generation

21. Lytic Virus invade or infect a living host to reproduce (kills host) A. Infection/attachment - injects DNA into host cell B. Growth - virus DNA shuts down normal cell activities to make copy of itself C. Replication = uses materials of host to make copies D. Cell lysis = infected cell bursts & releases new viral particles that will infect other cells

22. Lysogenic Infection Does not lyse the host cell, it justs incorporates itself in host DNA (prophage) Ex: Retrovirus - contains RNA. When in host cell, the genetic info is read backwards (RNA to DNA). Some cause cancer. HIV is a retrovirus

23. Viral Diseases Chicken pox Cold sores Yellow fever Measles Common cold HIV Some forms of cancer (HPV)

24. Famous People Jonas Salk - polio vaccine Louis Pasteur - rabies vaccine Edward Jenner - small pox vaccine

25. Draw picture of virus and label (DNA or RNA)

26. Copy and label picture of a bacteria from overhead.

27. The End