1. Bacteria

2. What are Bacteria? Leeuwenhoek- Dutch merchant- discovered bacteria.
Bacteria are everywhere
Foods, surface of things you touch, soil, ocean depths. Extreme environments, hydrothermal vents, others cold or acidic environments.
One-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles

3. Bacteria are unlike plant and animal cells because they are smaller.
Prokaryotic- do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.
3 Basic Shapes
1) spheres 2) rods 3) spirals
Cocci- sphere shaped
Spirilla- spiral shaped
Bacilli- rod- shaped

4. Flagella- whiplike tails that move bacteria
Fission- bacterial method of
Reproduction
It produces
2 new cells.
How does bacteria obtain food and energy?
aerobes- bacteria that live in places with a supply of oxygen.
USE oxygen for respiration
Anaerobes- organism
that is adapted to live
WITHOUT oxygen.

5. 2 Kingdoms of Bacteria
1) Eubacteria 2) Archaebacteria
Eubacteria – larger of the 2
Ex. Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria make their own food using CO2, water, and sunlight. (Like Plants)

6. Archaebacteria
The conditions in which these bacteria live are similar to those conditions found on Earth during early history.
Live in salty environments (Dead Sea)
Acidic or hot environments
Hot springs
Muddy swamps, intestines of cattle
NOT in freshwater ponds.

7. Bacteria in Your Life
Without bacteria, you would not be healthy for long.
Some bacteria produce antibiotics
Help limit the growth of other bacteria.
Antibiotics- produced by one organism, but inhibits or kills other organisms.
Drug used to kill bacteria
Saprophyte
Organism that uses dead material
as a food and energy source.
Obtain food by feeding on dead or decaying organisms.

8. Nitrogen- fixing bacteria
Change nitrogen from the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals.
Why are nitrogen-fixing bacteria so important to plants?
Plants cannot take nitrogen gas out of the atmosphere. They need it in forms of a nitrogen compound. The bacteria transform the nitrogen from the atmosphere into a usable form.
It is estimated that nitrogen-fixing
Bacteria save farmers several million
Dollars in fertilizer costs each
Year!

9. Have you had any bacteria for lunch lately?
Yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, olives, soy sauce.
Bacteria break down substances in milk to make dairy products. But, it DOES NOT help make milk!
Helpful bacteria can help clean up soils, digest dead organisms, and make medicines.

10. Harmful Bacteria Pathogen Toxins Endospores
An organism that produces disease
Ex. Strep throat
Toxins
Poisons produced by pathogens
Ex. Botulism- a type of food poisoning that can result in death. Can grow inside sealed cans of food.
Endospores
Thick-walled structures around bacteria
Harmful bacteria in food can be killed by heat.
Why are botulism bacteria sometimes able to produce toxins when they have been heated?
They protected themselves with endospores, and the heat was not of a high enough temperature or a long enough time to destroy the endospore.

11. Treating Bacterial Diseases
Vaccine
Solution made from dead or damaged bacteria that is used to prevent bacterial disease.
Sterilization
A process of food industry that is used to kill harmful bacteria.

12. Beneficial Bacteria
What is one way bacteria are helping provide an alternative source for fuel for some cities?
Methane gas is produced by certain bacteria as they break down plant and animal material from farm wastes and sewage. This can be used as fuel and some cities collect it!