History 398 Fall 2004 History 398 Lecture 3 Power Machinery An Industrial Revolution in the late Middle Ages? Textiles, the Prototype of Mechanized Industry Traditional Technics of Domestic Textile Production The Mechanization of Spinning The Mechanization of Weaving

History 398 Fall 2004 An Industrial Revolution in the Later Middle Ages? Mills in urban settings, often grouped together Mills serving purposes other than grinding Combinations of mills, but no record of compound mills, i.e. powering several stones or tools by a single central source Yet, either isolated, unique, or small-scale IR about power machinery of new sort, combined with new source of power. Historically, result of new attitude toward machines which arose in Renaissance.

History 398 Fall 2004

Roman Mills at Barbigal, ~300 (reconstruction

History 398 Fall 2004

Centrality of Human Skills Thumb and forefinger Twisting, drawing, and winding Shuttle and batten Selection of pattern all mechanized –emulation of human action –mechanical reparsing of task

History 398 Fall 2004

The Mechanization of Spinning James Hargreaves: jenny 1764 Richard Arkwright: (water)frame 1769 Samuel Crompton: mule (= jenny + frame) 1778 Effects

History 398 Fall 2004

Cotton Calico English Imported ,8142,111, ,143,0431,071, ,578, ,992

History 398 Fall 2004 Price of #100 yarn (185 yds/oz) s s s s 9d s 9d s 9d (here stabilized)

History 398 Fall 2004 The Mechanization of Weaving Power loom –Edmund Cartwright ( )

History 398 Fall 2004

Power Looms in Manchester, Stockport 1818, , , 20,000 in Manchester alone

History 398 Fall 2004 Number of Power Looms England12,15045,500 85,000 Scotland 2,00010,000 15,000 Total 2,40014,15055, ,000

History 398 Fall 2004 Muslin weavers of Bolton received for 24 yds 1793 £ s d

History 398 Fall 2004 The Mechanization of Weaving Power loom –Edmund Cartwright ( ) Automatic pattern selection –Joseph-Marie Jacquard (~1804)

History 398 Fall 2004