Teratogens: A) are made more or less effective based on time of exposure and genetic make up of the mother B) produce hard to predict development effects C) produce long-term negative impacts D) All of the above E) None of the above

D) All of the above If in utero exposure to a chemical causes developmental defects, that chemical is a teratogen.

APGAR scores indicate: A) intelligence at age 2 and age 7 B) developmental normalcy C) health at birth and five minutes after D) power levels that are over 9000 E) performance on object permanency tasks

C) health at birth and five minutes after The APGAR test measure the vital signs of a child at birth and five minutes later to see if any medical intervention is needed.

The sensitive period hypothesis is: A) supported by sensory deprivation studies B) challenged by sensory deprivation studies C) supported by language deprivation studies D) both A and C E) none of the above

D) both A and C Both sensory deprivation studies and language deprivation studies demonstrate that there are likely only specific times where certain capacities are able to develop.

Social interaction forms the basis of development for: A) Freud B) Jung C) Vygotsky D) Piaget E) none of the above

C) Vygotsky Vygotsky emphasized the role of social pressure and guidance in child learning.

Which of the following are characteristic of child-directed speech: A) short speech segments B) higher than average pitch C) exaggerated expression and distinct pronunciation D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Whose theory claims that a distrustful baby would withdraw themselves from the people and things around them: A) Freud B) Erickson C) Vygotsky D) Piaget E) none of the above

B) Erickson This is consistent with Erickson's psychosocial approach to development

A baby's attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli are examples of: A) basic emotions B) reflexes C) post-operational thinking D) supererogatory behavior E) none of the above

A) basic emotions These represent basic emotional states.

The strategies used by children to adjust their emotional states to a comfortable level of intensity are: A) basic emotions B) calming reflexes C) emotional-self regulation D) attachment styles E) none of the above

C) emotional-self regulation Emotional self-regulation is key to a successful development and life. Common strategies include controlled breathing, physical action, etc.

Which of the following are the three temperaments categories: A) calm, irritable, and difficult B) easy, difficult, and adventurous C) easy, difficult, and friendly D) easy, slow-to-warm-up, and inhibited E) none of the above

Each (except A) contained two of the three, but none contained all three. The complete list of temperaments are easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.

Parents are able to easily comfort what type of child in the Strange Situation Task: A) ones with secure attachment, because they are confident in their caregiver B) ones with ambivalent attachment, because they are not strongly attached to things as they are they can better deal with change C) ones with avoidant attachment, because they avoid the stressful situation D) ones with lots of toys, because they are secure in material well being E) none of the above

A) ones with secure attachment, because they are confident in their caregiver Children with secure attachment to their caregivers trust them. They are more easily soothed by their caregivers than other children, and they often reference their caregiver to determine the way they should react to novel situations.