December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 3 Key Issue 4 Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six2 Internal migration for most people is less disruptive than international migration.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six3 Two main types of internal migration:  Interregional (rural to urban)  Intraregional (older cities to suburbs)

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six4 MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS OF A COUNTRY  The most famous example of large- scale internal migration is the opening of the American West.  Through mass interregional migration, the interior of the continent was settled and developed.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six5 Changing Center of Population The U.S. Census Bureau computes the country’s population center at the time of each census.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six6 Changing Center of Population

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six7 Center of Population Gravity The average location of everyone in the country.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six8 In 1790  The population center was in Chesapeake Bay, east of Baltimore Maryland.  Appalachians blocked western development.  Hostile indigenous residents retarded western settlement.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six9 By 1830  The population center was west of Moorefield, West Virginia.  Transportation improvements helped open the interior. - Canals such as the Erie Canal - Diffusion of steam powered boats

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six10 in 1880  The population center was just west of Cincinnati, Ohio.  Until the advanced settlements reached the 98 th meridian, the population center moved westward at a rate of 7 miles per year.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six11 Settlement of the Great Plains  Between 1880 and 1950, the center moved 3 miles a year.  Agricultural technology aided farmers.  The expansion of railroads encouraged western settlement.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six12 Recent Growth of the South  After constant westward movement, in the 1920s the center moved southward.  Americans migrated to the “Sunbelt” for job opportunities and environmental reasons.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six13 Sunbelt The southern and southwestern states of the United States, from the Carolinas to southern California, characterized by a warm climate and, recently, rapid population growth.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six14 Regional Imbalance  In 1920, average income of the south was 2/3 rds lower than the Northeast.  In the 1960s, the average income had risen to 1/3 rd of the Northeast.  By 2000, the average income of the South was just 10% lower.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six15 Migration Patterns  African Americans lived in the South due to forced migration.  During the 20 th century, African Americans moved north for $s.  Since the 1990s, migration of African Americans, whites, and Hispanics is about equal.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six16 In the 20 th Century Net migration between each pair of regions is now close to Zero.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six17 Changing Center of Population-

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six18 Changing Center of Population-

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six19 Migration Between Regions in Other Countries

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six20 Russia  The Soviet Union encouraged the develop of industries at the site of raw materials.  The Soviet Union encouraged voluntary migration to the north.  The Russian Government no longer dictates locations for factory.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six21 Brazil  Most Brazilians live in coastal cities.  Brasilia was built 600 miles from the Atlantic Coast to encourage interregional migration.  Brasilia’s population has grown rapidly.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six22 Indonesia  Since 1969, the government paid to move 5 million people from Java to less populated islands.  Recent movement of families have decreased; - environmental concerns - disruption of indigenous people

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six23 Europe The pattern of interregional migration throughout Western Europe is reflected in the differences in per capita income and unemployment in different regions.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six24 India  Regional governments limit the ability of people to migrate from one region to another.  Restrictions date from British colonial era.  Designed to protect ethnic identity.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six25 Migration Within One Region More people move within the same region than between regions.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six26 Migration from Rural to Urban Areas  Urbanization began in the 1800s in Europe and North America (Industrial development)  In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4 th today.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six27 Rural to Urban in Europe and North America  Urbanization began in the 1800s (Industrial development)  In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4 th today.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six28 Rural to Urban in LDCs; Africa, Asia, L.America  Skyrocketed in recent years.  Nearly 50% of population increase in urban areas.  Nearly 20 million move to cities annually.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six29 Rural to Urban in Brazil  Sao Paulo has reached 300,000 per year.  Many must live in Favelas.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six30 Favelas Squatter settlements in the urban areas of Brazil. Most lacked electricity, running water, proper sanitation, and paved streets.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six31 Favela

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six32 Favelas of Rio de Janeiro

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six33 Push/Pull of Urbanization People seek economic advancement. – Pushed from Rural – Pulled to the Cities

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six34 Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas:  In MDCS: most intraregional migration is from central cities out to the suburbs  Twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year than suburbs to central cities

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six35 Push/Pull of Suburban Areas Major reason for large-scale migration to suburbs not related to employment but to the pull of the suburban lifestyle.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six36 Suburban Lifestyle  Houses rather than apartments  Private yards where children can safely play  A garage or driveway  Schools tend to be more modern and well-equipped and safer

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six37 Suburbanization  Territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.  Farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing developments.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six38 Counterurbanization Net migration from urban to rural areas.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six39 Migration from Metropolitan to Non- metropolitan Areas During late 20 th century, MDCs of North America and Europe saw more people migrate to rural areas than move out of them.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six40 Counter-urbanization results from:  Rapid expansion of suburbs  Abandon hectic pace of city life for leisure of countryside  Modern technology allows us to work anyplace

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six41 Counter-urbanization in U.S.  Many migrants from urban to rural areas are retired people attracted to access to leisure activities.  Counter-urbanization has stopped in the U.S. because of poor economic conditions in some rural areas

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six42 U.S. Intra- regional migration

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six43 Future Migration Trends  Mostly unpredictable.  In Houston; Revitalization of downtown areas has increased migration of suburban to urban.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six44 Buffalo Bayou Park

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six45 The Wortham Center

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six46 Houston Light Rail

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six47 Tranquility Park

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six48 George Brown Convention Center

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six49 Toyota Center

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six50 Minute Maid Park

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six51 Reliant Stadium

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six52 Dynamo Stadium This tract of land could be the future home of the Houston Dynamo soccer team. The area is bounded on the north and south by Texas and Walker, and on the east and west by Dowling and Hutchins.

December 4, 2015S. Mathews & D. Six53 Discovery Green Park (across from Brown Convention Center)