1. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country Chapter 3 Section 4

2. Internal Migration Migration within a country Less disruptive Less of a change generally Usually same culture, social norms, major religion, language, economic values, popular culture

3. Internal Migration Two types: Interregional: movement between regions (like moving from one city to another or the countryside) Intraregional: movement within a region (like moving from one part of a city to another)

4. Interregional Migration Was more prevalent in the past Farmers moving to cities Today most people move to new regions for better jobs Most famous example in the US: movement from the settled east to the American West (think wagon trains crossing the Great Plains) Other examples: African Americans relocating up north during WWI (the Great Migration) to work the jobs in the factories vacated by men drafted into the military

5. Interregional Migration This type of movement has caused the population center of the country to shift westward over time The US Census used statistics and maps to show where the country would be balanced on a point by weight Why is that important? It shows which areas are the most populated (generally also have the most influence and economic power) and shows change in population via natural increase and mostly migration

6. Center of Population in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

7. Settlement of America 1607 Jamestown 1607 to 1776: 13 original colonies, eastern seaboard of the Atlantic to the Appalachian Mountains 1776 to early 1800s: settlement of land north of Florida, south of Canada, and east of the Mississippi 1830s-1860s: increased settlement east of the Mississippi, settlement on the west coast (skipped the Great Plains) 1870s-1890: settlement of the Great Plains (the last frontier) Late 1800s to early 1900s: (Second Industrial Revolution) urbanization- movement to cities; settlement of Alaska Early 1900s: continued settlement of the west, more settlement of the south, during WWI the Great Migration, urbanization

8. Settlement of America 1930s: Great Depression- economic migrants Mid-1900s: urbanization and suburbanization Late 1900s: continued urbanization and suburbanization; start of counterurbanization; increasing moves to south and west Today 75% of Americans live in urban areas (cities, towns, townships, villages, suburbs, metropolitan areas, etc…)

9. Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th century wagon trains heading west.

10. Interregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003

11. Rust Belt The old steel, automobile, heavy machinery plants of the states of Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania (south of the Great Lakes) have seen many factories close since the 1960s The area has become the rust belt It has had lots of out-migration

12. The Sun Belt The states of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida in the southeast, southern Texas, southern California and Arizona have become major beacons for people to move to, mostly for economics They are warmer, sunnier states in the southern part of the country They are attracting many people to migrate to these regions They are experiencing economic growth in many areas

13. U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

14. U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003

15. Interregional Migration in Other Countries In the USSR, the government located factories/industry near resources not population centers so lots of migration occurred in the Soviet Union during the 1930s-1980s They offered incentives to people to get them to move to Siberia (sparsely populated with many valuable resources) Few went and most migrated out later This policy ended with the Soviet Union in 1991

16. Interregional Migration in Other Countries Brazil has also encouraged migration- most Brazilians live along the coast in cities The tropical interior is sparsely populated In 1960, Brazil moved their capital from Rio to Brasilia- 600 miles inland They have seen more growth inland as a result

17. Brasilia, Brazil Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

18. Interregional Migration in Other Countries Indonesia (4 th largest pop.) paid more than 5 million to move from Java (the most populous island) to less populated islands- to move they received 5 acres of land, materials to build a house, seeds and pesticides, and food In Europe, people migrate to (immigrate) regions that are doing good economically and migrate from (emigrate) regions that are struggling It was overwhelming eastern Europe to western Europe, but since the fall of communism in the East, it has leveled off some

19. Interregional Migration in Other Countries Some countries restrict interregional migration In India, the government is strict about allowing people to migrate to Assam to try to protect the ethnic identity of the Assamese In Myanmar and some other countries it is more restricted

20. Intraregional Migration Movement within a region Far more people migrate within a country than between countries The most common trend has been from rural to urban areas within a region, but today you are seeing a decrease in this trend’s popularity Less than 5% of people lived in urban areas in 1800- over half do today (more efficient farming, easier jobs in industry and services in cities, fewer farmers, non-farmers need less land, can live in more crowded conditions, small number of farmers support large groups)

21. Intraregional Migration In the US, ¾ live in urban areas It is called urbanization- more and more started moving to urban areas in the 1800s and 1900s This is core-periphery movement LDCs are seeing these trends now more pronounced (countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America) So many move to cities and the cities don’t have adequate housing so squatter settlements/tent cities pop up outside the cities The main purpose for most of these migrants is economic advancement

22. Core-Periphery Movement The core is the center The periphery is the outer edge There are lots of movements from the center to the outside and the outside to the center Urbanization would be periphery to core Suburbanization or counterurbanization would be core to periphery You could also look at people moving from a coastline to the interior of a country (like Brazil) or moving from the interior to the coastline

23. Intraregional Migration A mid-1900s to present trend has been moving from an urban area to a suburban area Twice as many Americans go from cities to suburbs than suburbs to cities Suburbanization is the growth of suburbs and movement of people to them This is for lifestyle reasons generally

24. Intraregional Migration A newer trend- in the late 1900s to present- is counterurbanization, people moving from urban areas to rural areas This is a periphery-core movement This is happening in MDCs- not much in LDCs This move is for lifestyle reasons Time-space convergence makes it much easier to stay connected but live farther away from the rush and bustle

25. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

26. Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains Net Migration by County, 2000-04

27. Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains

28. Migration within a Country Migration between regions of a country Migration between regions within the U.S Migration between regions in other countries Migration within one region Rural-urban migration Urban-suburban migration Migration from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan regions

29. Trends of Migration in Demographic Transition Stage 1: Low growth: nomadic movements Stage 2: High growth: lots of migration: movement to cities: lots of competition: migration to stage 3 and 4 countries Stage 3: Slower growth: migration to MDCS in stage 4: movement to cities and suburbs Stage 4: Slow to no growth: lots of immigration from stage 2/3 countries: suburbanization and counterurbanization

30. US CBR: 14 CDR: 8 NIR: 0.6 % Increase of 1.8 million a year naturally Actual increase is 3 million The missing 1.2 is from net in-migration

31. Comparing Migration How many people in class have moved at least once? How many have moved intraregionally? How many have moved interregionally? How many have moved internationally? Which is the most difficult? Why are all of them challenging? Why are some types more challenging?