DNA Technology & Genomics Manipulating the code Ch 12

What if you wanted to change your traits? Centaur – half man, half horse

Genetic Engineering vs. DNA Biotechnology Based on knowledge of Human Genome Project Craig Venter & Celera Genomics Over 6 bill. Nucleotide bases in 20-30,000 genes! Established nucleotide sequence of genes (genomics) and proteins made (proteomics) & how they interact

Changing Traits - Gene Manipulation Inducing mutations to DNA Selective Breeding Select parents with desirable phenotypes– “mass selection” hybridization offspring express “hybrid vigor”

Liger/Tigon

Liger Information An average adult male liger can weigh over 900 pounds. An adult male Siberian tiger can grow to an average weight of 500 pounds, An adult African lion can average 450 pounds. The reproductive process that creates a liger leaves out the growth inhibitor gene present in the male lion and the female tiger, and the result is an enormous offspring that has the best physical and mental characteristics of the parents. It is important to note that there are no documented cases of ligers appearing naturally in the wild. Lions and tigers do not share territory and the chances of contact between the two groups is slim due to their differing natures.

Direct gene manipulation – Genetic Engineering Changing actual gene code of organism Recombinant DNA - Combining DNA from 2 different organisms Creates a chimera or transgenic organism Requires recognition of coding sequences of gene, including promotors, terminators, transcription factors and enhancers

Tools Genomic maps of DNA Genomic libraries Restriction Enzymes/Restriction Endonucleases (DNA scissors) cut at known sequences in specific places (pallindromes) Ligase Cloning vector Surrogate mothers, bacterial plasmid, yeasts, or viruses

Benefits of Genetic Engineering Make drugs easily & cheaply, i.e. insulin Make vaccines New and useful chimeras – genetically engineered crops for disease or insect resistance, increased yield Save DNA from endangered species Customized Rx – metabomics

Risks? Genethics? Moral and ethical implications of genetic engineering Cloning a super race Frankenfoods Bringing back the dead What are YOUR concerns?

Gene Therapy & cloning How to transfer the correct gene into an affected individual? Cloning vectors Bacterial plasmids Viruses yeasts

What is cloning?

DNA Fingerprinting Comparison of DNA found in blood samples, tissue samples, etc. to identify individuals for classification, criminology, paternity suits, etc. Can determine diseases & genetic defects Tracing family history & evolution

RFLP Analysis Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Extract DNA & make copies PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction “digest” with restriction enzymes Separate fragments in gel electrophoresis compare - 5 banding images is a match