Stankiewicz

  What are the roots of American law enforcement?  What are some of the principles of law enforcement?  How does American law enforcement get its authority?  What are some of the generalizations involving American law enforcement?  What are the various law enforcement models?  Assignment – Law enforcement organizations Essential Questions

  US has almost 18,000 law enforcement agencies  Federal State and Local levels of government  Vast majority are ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 1

  The authority of each agency is carefully limited by law  Territory within which an agency may operate is limited as well  Jurisdiction: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 2

  Each federal law enforcement agency has a specific jurisdiction  _______________________________________________  Procedural law derived from US Supreme Court decisions also impose limitations on the authority of agencies  Miranda, etc The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 3

 The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 4  ___________________  Took hundred of years to develop

  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________  10 families (a tithing) agreed to follow the law, keep the peace, and bring violators to justice (Posse) English Roots – Tithing System

  A system in early England in which citizens under the direction of a constable were required to guard the city and pursue criminals  Constable: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ English Roots – The Constable – Watch System

 English Roots – Bow Street Runners  1748  Professional law enforcement agents  Apprehend criminals and recover stolen property  ______________________ ______________________ ______________________  Paved the way for future detectives

 English Roots – The London Metropolitan Police  1829 London Metropolitan Police Act  1000 member police force  Professional standards  _______________________  Under command of two magistrates – Commissioners  Became known as _________________________ _________________________ after Robert Peel, Home Secretary

 Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing  Police must be stable, efficient and organized under military lines  Police must be under govt control  Absence of crime best proof of police efficiency  Distribution of crime news essential  Deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential  Police should have command of temper and act quiet determined manner  Good appearance commands respect  Train proper type of person  Every police member is given a number  Police hqs centrally located and easily accessible  Policemen should have a probationary period  Police records are used to distribute police strength

  US Has more police departments than any other country  History of local control  Disparity between police throughout US  Started with “watches”  Often politically controlled in the early days Development of American Law Enforcement - 1

  Law enforcement in states and frontier  Southern Slave patrols  _______________________________________________ Development of American Law Enforcement - 2

 Development of American Law Enforcement - 3  Frontier Law Enforcement  Sheriffs  ____________________  Idea of self protection still popular in South and West

 Development of American Law Enforcement - 4  State Police  ___________________

  Professionalism and Reform  ______________________________________________  Wasn’t until 1880 that Cincinnati posted two qualifications to be a police officer  ________________________________________________  Both Cincinnati and NYC had Police academies in 1880s – little requirements/standards Development of American Law Enforcement - 5

 Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model) Development of American Law Enforcement – August Vollmer’s Ideas

 Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)  Narrow the police function from social service/maintenance of order to enforcement  _______________________ of authority  Creation of specialized, centrally base crime fighting units  Shift from neighborhood foot patrol to motorized patrol  Patrol allocation system based on crime rates etc.  Reliance on technology  ___________________ screening and civil service testing for new recruits  Specific _______________________ _______________________ _______________________

  _______________________________________________  Federal agencies -.4%  Sheriff’s Departments – 18%  State Police -.3%  Special police – 8%  Stats The Structure of American Law Enforcement - 1

  Quality of police services vary greatly among states and localities across the nation  _______________________________________________ for police personnel, equipment, and practices  Expenditures for police services vary greatly among communities  Obtaining police services from the appropriate agency is often _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ American Law Enforcement Generalizations

  ______________________________________________  Order maintenance or peacekeeping  ______________________________________________  Information gathering Local Police Duties

 P – ____________________________________________ E – ____________________________________________ P – _____________________________________________ P – Preserve the peace A – _____________________________________________ S – _____________________________________________ The Structure of American Law Enforcement Local Police Duties (PEPPAS)

  Sheriff and Department Personnel  Functions  ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________  Enforce criminal and traffic laws of the state  ________________________________________________  Provide courtroom security  Confine and transport prisoners  Most _________________________________________ County Law enforcement

  Each state has chosen one of two models for providing law enforcement  _________________________________________ State Law Enforcement

  Model in which state police officers have the _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ but can exercise these powers anywhere within the state State Police Model

 Highway Patrol Model  Model in which state _____________________ _____________________ ____________________, enforcement of states traffic laws, and the investigation of accidents on the state’s roads, highways, and property

  Everyone aware of the more familiar federal law enforcement agencies  FBI, DEA, CIA, Treasury  But there are many more lesser known that have a vital job in law enforcement Federal Law Enforcement - 1

  Three major differences between Feds and State/Local law enforcement 1) _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2) Feds do not have peacekeeping or order maintenance duties 3) _________________________________________ (Example: AFOSI has to have a tie with USAF interests for it to have jurisdiction) Federal Law Enforcement - 2

 Federal Law Enforcement - 3  Example: Department of Homeland Security  ____________________ ____________________ ____________________  Reduce US vulnerability to terrorist attacks  ____________________ ____________________

 Assignment Exploring an American Law Enforcement Agency Some Investigative Agencies  FBI  CIA  DEA  US Marshall’s Service  US Secret Service  Army CID  Naval Investigative Service  AFOSI  Treasury Department Investigative Services  EPA Investigative Services  TSA  US Coast Guard Investigations  US Customs  US Border Patrol

 American Private Security  _____________________ _____________________  Training and compensation varies  Two types  ____________________  Proprietary Security  In house – Companies do own internal security

 Summary