1. Chapter 1 A Brief History: The Evolution of Law and Our Criminal Justice System1-

2. Introduction The heritage of law enforcement is a source of pride
Law is a body of rules for human conduct enforced by imposing penalties for their violation
Laws are made and passed by the legislative branches
Laws are based on customs, traditions, mores and current need 1-

3. Primitive and Ancient Law
CUSTOMS AND SOCIAL ORDER
Egypt
China and east Asia
Greece
Rome
Learning Objective: When and why law enforcement began? 1-

4. English Law and Law Enforcement
MILESTONES
The Anglo-Saxons and the tithing system
The Norman Frankpledge system
The twelfth century
The Magna Carta
The next 500 years
Cont.
Learning Objective: The significance of the tithing system, the Frankpledge system, Leges Henrici, the Magna Carta, the parish constable system, and the Watch and Ward system?
Learning Objective: The origins of features of our criminal justice system, such as general alarms and citizen’s arrests. The offices of constable, sheriff, and justice of the peace? 1-

5. Early Law Enforcement in the United States
HISTORY
The first U.S. police forces
Police investigators and detectives
Slave patrols
Evolution of city police
The vigilante movement
Learning Objective: What systems of law enforcement were brought from England to colonial New England and the South?
Learning Objective: When and where the first modern American police force began and what it was modeled after?
Learning Objective: What the vigilante movement was and why it occurred? 1-

6. Establishment of Federal Agencies
MEETING DEMANDS
The Department of Justice
The Department of the Treasury
Other federal law enforcement agencies
U.S. Postal Inspectors
Coast Guard
Military police
Learning Objective: When and how federal and state law enforcement agencies originated in the United States?
Learning Objective: Who the chief law enforcement officer at the federal level is? 1-

7. Establishment of Federal Agencies
CURRENT ORGANIZATION 1-

8. Establishment of State Agencies
STATE COUNTERPARTS
State bureaus of investigation and apprehension
State fire marshal divisions
Departments of natural resources
Driver and vehicle services divisions
Departments of human rights
Learning Objective: What the first modern state police agency was and when it was established?
Learning Objective: What the five levels of law enforcement are. What additional form of law enforcement operates in the United States? 1-

9. Development of County Agencies
MAIN COUNTY AGENCIES
The county sheriff
Usually elected
State law establishes powers and duties
The county police
The coroner or medical examiner 1-

10. Development of Local Agencies
POWERS AND OPERATIONS
Township and special district police
The constable
The marshal
Municipal police 1-

11. Tribal Law Enforcement
INDIAN COUNTRY
More than 200 police departments
Overseen by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Nearly all such agencies respond to calls for service
Many operate one or more jails
Some have a mounted patrol unit
Lighthorsemen 1-

12. Overlap OVERLAPPING JURISDICTIONS Considerable duplication
Potential competition
Need for education
Professionalism
Evolution of policing 1-

13. The Traditional Three Eras of Policing
EVOLUTION
The Political Era (1840–1930)
The Reform or Professional Era (1930–1980)
The Community Era (1980–Present)
An emerging fourth era of policing
Paradigm shift
Learning Objective: What three eras of policing traditionally have been identified. The main characteristics of each?
Learning Objective: What effect the spoils system had in the 1900s?
Learning Objective: What the Pendleton Act accomplished?
Learning Objective: What the Equal Employment Opportunity Act prohibits?
Learning Objective: What fourth era of policing is emerging. The impetus behind it? 1-

14. Summary
Many features of our present system of law enforcement are borrowed from the Greeks, Romans, and particularly the English
The Magna Carta was a significant development
Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel’s proposals resulted in the organization of the first police force in England
Early American settlers brought with them several features of English law and law enforcement 1-