World War I

THE Turning Point -- U.S. enters war (1917) 1. Lusitania (1915) –E–English passenger ship (128 Americans on board die) sunk by German U-boat –O–Other ships are sunk as well –G–Germany promises to sink all ships (in British water) on sight

U.S. enters war 2. Zimmermann note –G–Germany tries to get Mexico to invade U.S. Promises a return of conquered territory

U.S. aids the Allies

Other Battles Cantigny (1918) – First battle for U.S. troops – stop Germans 50 miles outside Paris Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood (June 1918) – Germans retreat

2 nd Battle of the Marne (July 1918) Germany’s last effort to win on Western Front – fails War is over Kaiser Wilhelm steps down

New Tools for war

Machine Guns

Poison Gas

Tanks

Airplanes Curtiss - American Halberstadt - German

Flamethrowers

Heroes (and Goats) Allies -General Pershing -Alvin C. York (killed 20 captured 132) -Eddie Rickenbacker (134 dogfights – 26 downed aircraft) -Woodrow Wilson

Heroes, cont. Herbert Hoover (fed starving in Belgium) George Creel (propaganda and morale) Russian Bolsheviks The Big 4 –David Lloyd George –Georges Clemenceau –Vittorio Orlando

Heroes, cont. Central Powers -Kaiser Wilhelm -Gavrilo Princip -Baron von Richthofen (Red Baron)

Costs and Lives Lives Over 8,000,000 total deaths Germany = 1,900,000 Russia = 1,300,000 France = 1,300,000 Austria-Hungary = 1,200,000 England = 1,000,000 Ottoman Empire = 725,000 United States = 116,000

Costs and Lives, cont. Russia most casualties (when you include starvation, illness, etc.) with over 9 million dead, wounded, and missing U.S. total casualties = 360,000 Money $185,000,000,000 total U.S. = $22.5 billion Germany = $37.8 billion

Treaty War Ends 11/11/1918 at 11 a.m. Treaty of Versailles Jan. 18, 1919 New nations created (including Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to France Germany had to pay $33 billion in war damages to the allies

Treaty, cont. Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 - no weapons, no U-boats Germany forced to admit sole guilt (war- guilt clause) Germany loses all colonial/imperial holdings Austria-Hungary divided Russia loses more territory than Germany

Non-Treaty Results/Long-term significance Fourteen Points League of Nations (threatens American isolationism?) Russia determined to regain territory as Soviet Union Germany humiliated (HUGE chip on its shoulder) No enforcing of treaty World War II