BIOCHEMISTRY The study of Elements and compounds In organisms

pH = percent Hydrogen pH is a scale that measure the amount of H + ions or OH - ions to us…this just means ACIDIC or BASIC (ALKALINE) = acidic 7 = neutral = basic

Element the most basic form of any pure material. Example: Hydrogen (H) Example: Potassium (K) Compound A combination of elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds. Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6

Monomer A single subunit. Many monomers can be joined to make larger molecules. Polymer A long chain of many (3 or more) monomers.

Macronutrients elements required in large amounts by living things. Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen

Micronutrients: Elements needed in SMALL quantities (vitamins/minerals) ZincSodiumChlorineIronPhosphorousCalciumMagnesiumIodinePotassiumSulfurEtc…

Organic Compound A Combination of elements found in living things. ALWAYSOrganic compounds ALWAYS contain C and H (and usually O)

FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SUBUNIT (monomer) Monosaccharide 3 fatty acids + glycerol Amino acids Nucleotides COMPOUND (Polymer) Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid

How does this represent monomers & polymers?

PAY ATTENTION!! This is REALLY important!

Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Elements Ratio of Elements UsesExamples

PROTEINS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen sometimes Sulfur Monomer Amino Acid There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.

PROTEINS Examples Muscles Cell receptors Most hormones Enzymes Antibodies

PROTEINS Function structure cell communication control chemical reaction rates fight diseases

Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Elements Ratio of Elements UsesExamples Protein Amino Acids C, H, O, N, and sometimes S -Fight disease -Muscle -Enzymes -Antibodies -Hair -Muscle -Most hormones -Cell receptors

CARBOHYDRATES Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen) Subunit Monosaccharide NOTE: Ring Shape!

CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES Mono/dissaccharides Glucose Fructose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Polysaccharides Starch Chitin Glycogen Cellulose

CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION Quick Energy Plant Cell Walls Exoskeletons Animal Starch Funny Link

Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Elements Ratio of Elements UsesExamples Protein Amino Acids C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Carbohydrates Mono- saccharides C, H, O C:H:O 1:2:1 -Fight disease -Muscle -Enzymes -Antibodies -Hair -Muscle -Most hormones -Cell receptors -Primary energy source -Cell wall -Exoskeletons -starches -sugar -chitin -cellulose

LIPIDS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen FYI: (3+ : 1 ratio) Subunit 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids and hydrophobic Fatty acids are hydrophobic: they repel water. This is the HO HO HO molecule!

LIPIDS examples Fats, oils, waxes Myelin sheath Cell membrane Steroid hormones

LIPIDS function Stored Energy Insulation Cushions Organs Regulation of reproductive system

Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!! Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!! As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink. …Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!

Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Elements Ratio of Elements UsesExamples Protein Amino Acids C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Carbohydrates Mono- saccharides C, H, O C:H:O 1:2:1 -Fight disease -Muscle -Enzymes -Antibodies -Hair -Muscle -Most hormones -Cell receptors -Primary energy source -Cell wall -Exoskeletons -starches -sugar -chitin -cellulose Lipid 1 Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids C, H, O C:H:O 1:3+:1 -Insulation -Reserve Energy -cushion organs -Fats -Oils -Waxes

NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Monomer Nucleotide Phosphate Nitrogenous base Sugar (5C)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Examples DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA Ribonucleic acid

NUCLEIC ACIDS Function Instructions for: –Traits –Protein synthesis –Enzymes

Organic Compound Chart Organic Compound Monomer(s)Elements Ratio of Elements UsesExamples Protein Amino Acids C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Carbohydrates Mono- saccharides C, H, O C:H:O 1:2:1 -Fight disease -Muscle -Enzymes -Antibodies -Hair -Muscle -Most hormones -Cell receptors -Primary energy source -Cell wall -Exoskeletons -starches -sugar -chitin -cellulose Lipid 1 Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids C, H, O C:H:O 1:3+:1 -Insulation -Reserve Energy -cushion organs -Fats -Oils -Waxes Nucleic Acids 1 sugar 1 phosphate 1 nitrogenous base C, H, O, N, and more -carries hereditary info -controls protein production -DNA -RNA

Know These!

Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

What is the name of a bond formed between two amino acids? Another name for a protein is a ___________. polypeptide How can you recognize this as an amino acid?

Remember: HO HO HO, were GLad Santa is coming!

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Combining simple molecules into complex molecules by the removal of a molecule. Removing water is called _______________. WATER An H and an OH are taken from the molecules that are being joined. The H and OH combine to form ________. water The other result is two monomers joined together. This forms a _____________. polymer DEHYDRATION

Explain: a) process b) molecule formed c) molecule removed

Explain: a)Process b)Molecules joined c)Name of bond formed d)Molecule removed

HYDROLYSIS controlled of large complex molecules into small soluble molecules by the addition of. The life process for this reaction is. Enzymebreakdown H2OH2O digestion Adding water is called ________ and –lysis means to _____, thus HYDROLYSIS! hydrate split

CATALYST A ______________ is a chemical that ____________ chemical reactions WITHOUT being __________ by that reaction. CATALYST SPEEDS UP CHANGED

ENZYMES - Enzymes ARE protein catalysts! - So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction! - Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them. - Enzymes can join together or break apart molecules. What are those two processes called?

There are OODLES of Enzymes!! Each ENZYME is specific to its SUBSTRATE. Most enzyme names end in –ase!

Enzyme Vocab Enzyme: a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by that reaction. Substrate: the molecule(s) the enzyme is working on. Product: the molecule(s) created by the enzyme. NOTE* enzymes can JOIN molecules or SPLIT them!!

Enzyme Activity Called the enzyme- substrate complex

Enzyme Action… again

Denature: Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to denature, or change shape. Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact how enzymes work? NormalDenatured

Factors affecting Enzymes: 1.TEMPERATURE & 2.pH too HIGH or too LOW pH denature enzymes too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes NOT too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOT denature them!

Factors affecting Enzymes: 3.CONCENTRATION 1. If there are 10 pizzas to deliver and ONE delivery guy…how fast do you get your pizza (assuming you are last on the list)? 2. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered (you are last again) and there are 5 delivery people working? 3. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered and 10 delivery people? 4. Okay….now there are 20 pizzas and 10 delivery people? Can the delivery people work any faster? How does this scenario relate to enzyme and substrate concentration?

BIOCHEMISTRY!!