Learning Psychology

Bell Activity 3/22/2013 Learning Targets: At the end of class you will be able to- -Define Classical Conditioning -Define and Identify the Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response -Apply these terms to different situations 1.)Explain, in a step-by-step process, how to teach a dog to shake hands. 2.) Work on Vocabulary Reminder: TODAY is the last day to make up tests for units 1-4. The unit 5 Test must be made-up by next Thursday 3/28)

What is Learning? Learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavior tendency that results from experience.

Classical Conditioning Learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (Don’t worry, we’ll explain all of this in more detail a little later!) Ex: Pavlov’s Dog

Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell is the neutral stimulus. Before the experiment, the bell had nothing to do with the dog salivating

Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US): An event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training Food was the US in the experiment. Food caused to dog to salivate without any training

Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Response (UR): An organism’s natural reaction to a stimulus The salivation was the UR in the experiment; This is an automatic reflex the dog has when he smells food

Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus: A once-neutral event that elicits a response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Ex: The bell normally does not mean anything to the dog. Now, the dog has been taught, or conditioned, to associate the sound with food.

Classical Conditioning Conditioned Response: The learned action to a conditioned stimulus This is the salivation that occurs in response to the bell; There was no prior relationship. This is a learned response.

Classical Conditioning: General Principles Acquisition of a conditioned response occurs gradually Connection strengthens over time Timing also very important; Most effective when the CS was introduced just before the US

Classical Conditioning: General Principles Generalization: Animals responds to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS. Ex: Dog responded to circle as well as oval; Develop fear of the sound of a dentist’s drill=fear of the sound of all drills

Classical Conditioning: General Principles Discrimination: The ability to respond differently to different stimuli Ex: Taught dog to respond differently to the oval and the circle.

Classical Conditioning: General principles Extinction: Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response. Happens when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning and Human Behavior Conditioning helps humans and animals predict what is going to happen next. Case of Little Albert zLyE Taste Aversions: Common occurrence of linking food to a bad experience Can you think of other ways that we use classical conditioning in everyday life?

Bell Activity 3/28/2013 Learning Targets: At the end of class you will be able to -Apply knowledge of classical conditioning to examples -Define and describe operant conditioning -Create experiments to illustrate classical and operant conditioning 1.) What is classical conditioning? 2.) In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus? 3.) Do you think schools should use capital punishment (spanking) as a means to deter bad behavior? Why or why not? The unit 5 Test must be made-up by Today!!! All projects must be turned in by Today!!!!

Classical Conditioning A Quick Review: portal.com/academy/lesson/classical- conditioning.html

Classical Conditioning..as explained by Frasier Crane Watch the following clip and list the US, UR, CS and the CR 2U

Classical Conditioning in Advertising Milk Ad b7sY b7sY Coke Ad _Vdjk _Vdjk Pepsi Ad 2wWGvQ 2wWGvQ

Classical Conditioning Experiment You can either work alone or with A partner Create your own classical conditioning experiment Identify the US, UR,CS and CR

Classical Conditioning Summary Write a paragraph summarizing classical conditioning in your own words. Be sure to include how it works as well as terminology (US, UR, CS,CR).

Operant Conditioning: Big Bang Theory SBoMI SBoMI After viewing the clip, describe how you think operant conditioning works

Operant Conditioning Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning Believed a person’s behavior is a result of history of rewards and punishments “Skinner Boxes”

Operant Conditioning Reinforcement: Stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated Give a positive reinforcer when correct behavior is exhibited. A negative reinforcer is when something unpleasant Is taken away.

Operant Conditioning: Schedules of Reinforcement More effective when positive reinforcement occurs intermittingly. Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses Variable-Ratio: Unpredictable number of responses required (slot machines).

Operant Conditioning: Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-Interval: A specific amount of time must elapse before a response will illicit a reinforcement Variable-Interval: The time which reinforcement is given changes

Operant Conditioning Shaping: Desired behavior is molded by first rewarding any action that is similar to the desired behavior and requiring ever- closer approximations of the desired behavior Chaining: Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence. Each reaction leads to the next. (Learning to swim)

Operant Conditioning: Aversive Control Influencing behavior by using unpleasant or unwanted stimuli 2 Types: Negative Reinforcement and Punishers

Operant Conditioning: Aversive Control Negative Reinforcement: Removal of painful or unwanted stimulus

Operant Conditioning: Negative Reinforcement A painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed in order to increase the frequency of behavior. Escape Conditioning: a person’s behavior causes an unpleasant event to end Avoidance Conditioning: behavior that prevents an unpleasant situation from happening Ex: A child whines and gags while being forced to eat meat loaf because she doesn’t like it and the parent removes the meatloaf (escape) If the child whines as soon as it comes out of the oven and is not served meatloaf (avoidance)

Operant Conditioning: Punishment An unpleasant consequence that occurs to decrease the frequency of a behavior. Opposite of negative reinforcement Ex: Reprimanding a dog that jumps on you.

Operant Conditioning: Disadvantages to Punishment Can produce unwanted side effects such as rage, aggression and fear People tend to avoid situations where they experience punishments (stay away from teachers who use aversive punishments) Punishment does not teach appropriate and acceptable behaviors

Operant Conditioning: Quick Review h?v=B8vIbuoktew

Assignments Today (4/3/2013) Complete Operant Conditioning Worksheet Read chapter 9 section3 and complete section review questions on page 266 (#1-4) Test on Chapter 9 (Unit 6) on Friday April 5

Operant Conditioning: Assignment Work in groups of 3-4 people. Create an original skit that illustrates the principles of classical conditioning Everyone MUST be a part of the skit Skits should last between 1-2 minutes and show an understanding of the principles