1. CONDITIONING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING BSN-II, RLE-II

2. Definition of terms Conditioning Reinforcement

3. So, what exactly is ‘conditioning’? A stimulus or reward for a desired response.

4. There are a couple of theories about conditioning. We will talk of two ideas from two different people.

5. Hi. I’m Ivan. Ivan Pavlov. I sorta like dogs.

6. The following slides will show you how my theory works.

7. So, what about Classical Conditioning? Well, nothing much.

8. It is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus... *...and, it involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex.

9. But, before we go on, here are are the key concepts to the theory. But, before we go on, here are are the key concepts to the theory.

10. Unconditioned Stimulus Something that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Unconditioned Stimulus Something that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Unconditioned Response An unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned Response An unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned Stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. Conditioned Response Is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

11. Unconditioned Stimulus Something that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Unconditioned Stimulus Something that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Unconditioned Response An unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned Response An unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

12. Acquisition Initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened. Acquisition Initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened. Extinction Happens when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear. Extinction Happens when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.

13. Stimulus Generalization tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned Stimulus Generalization tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned Discrimination ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus Discrimination ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

14. Spontaneous Recovery Reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. Spontaneous Recovery Reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.

15. Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered around the beginning of the 20 th century. I was studying the digestive processes in dogs, when I discovered that they salivated before they received their food.

16. Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered around the beginning of the 20 th century. I noted that the dogs were not only responding to a biological need or hunger), but also a need developed by learning.

17. Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered around the beginning of the 20 th century. In fact, after repeated pairing of the lab attendant and the food, the dogs started to salivate at the sight of the lab assistants

18. A good example.

19. Environmental events that previously had no relation to a given reflex, (such as a bell sound) could, through experience, trigger a reflex (or salivation). This kind of learnt response is called conditioned reflex, and the process whereby dogs or humans learn to connect a stimulus to a reflex is called conditioning.

20. So, why do we acknowledge Pavlov’s work? Paved the way for a new, more objective method of studying behavior Paved the way for a new, more objective method of studying behavior Used in many fields, with anti- phobia treatment as but one example; - (desensitization) many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.

21. Pairing an anxiety- provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious and tense in these situations, the child will learn to stay relaxed and calm.

22. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear.

23. Let’s move on to another theory, shall we?

24. Hi. I’m Burrhus Frederic Skinner. I’m responsible for the Operant Conditioning theory.

26. So, what about Operant Conditioning? It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

27. Here are some of the main concepts!

28. Punishment Consequence of experiencing a negative condition. Particular behavior is weakened by this. Extinction Particular behavior is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition.

29. Shaping Initial steps needed to get the subject to engage in the behavior that is to be rewarded. Skinner Box Laboratory tool that is used to study animal behavior. The box contains levers or bars that an animal can manipulate to receive reinforcement.

30. Negative reinforcement presentation of an unpleasant stimulus (that increases the likelihood that a particular response, in order to remove or avoid the negative reinforcer, will occur. Negative reinforcement presentation of an unpleasant stimulus (that increases the likelihood that a particular response, in order to remove or avoid the negative reinforcer, will occur. Negative punishment punishment by removal-= occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. Negative punishment punishment by removal-= occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.

31. Shaping Initial steps needed to get the subject to engage in the behavior that is to be rewarded. Skinner Box Laboratory tool that is used to study animal behavior. The box contains levers or bars that an animal can manipulate to receive reinforcement. ( Positive reinforcement P[resentation of a rewarding or pleasant stimulus (thatincreases the probability that a particular response will occur. ( Positive reinforcement P[resentation of a rewarding or pleasant stimulus (thatincreases the probability that a particular response will occur. Negative reinforcement presentation of an unpleasant stimulus (that increases the likelihood that a particular response, in order to remove or avoid the negative reinforcer, will occur. Negative reinforcement presentation of an unpleasant stimulus (that increases the likelihood that a particular response, in order to remove or avoid the negative reinforcer, will occur. Positive punishment punishment by application;- involves presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Positive punishment punishment by application;- involves presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Negative punishment punishment by removal-= occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. Negative punishment punishment by removal-= occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.

32. Punishment Consequence of experiencing a negative condition. Particular behavior is weakened by this. Extinction Particular behavior is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition. Primary reinforcer Substance (such as palatable food) or situation (such as the administration of a painful electric shock) that is universally rewarding or punishing. Primary reinforcer Substance (such as palatable food) or situation (such as the administration of a painful electric shock) that is universally rewarding or punishing. Secondary reinforcer Formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired reward or punishment value, for example, the letters A or F given on examinations. Secondary reinforcer Formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired reward or punishment value, for example, the letters A or F given on examinations.

33. Hi. This is the Skinner Box.

34. The experiment. Negative Placing rats in the Skinner box and subjecting them to an unpleasant current which causes them discomfort. When moving about, they accidentally knocked the lever causing the current to stop. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever. The consequence of ESCAPING the electric current ensured they would repeat the action again and again.

35. The experiment. Positive: Hungry rats were placed in the Skinner Box, which (contained a lever). When the rats accidentally knocked the lever, some food pellets would drop into the container next to the lever. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever. The consequence of receiving food if they pressed the lever ensured that they would repeat the action again and again.

36. Skinner also taught the rats how to AVOID the electric current by turning on a light just before the electric current came on. The rats learned to press the lever when the light comes on because they know this would stop the electric current being switched on.

37. Real-time applications! Wooh. ●●● Positive: If the teacher gave 500 pesos each time the student completes his homework, he is more likely to repeat this behavior in the future, thus strengthening the behavior of completing your homework. ●●● Negative If the student does not complete the homework, he gives his teacher 500 pesos. The student will complete his homework to avoid paying 500 pesos, thus strengthening the behavior of completing his homework. ●●●

38. So, let’s sum it all up. There are three responses which can affect behavior. Neutral operants: or responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers: or responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative. Punishers or responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

39. Bibliography! McLeod, S. (n.d.). B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning. Simply Psychology - Articles for Students. Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/opera nt-conditioning.html http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioral psychology/a/introopcond.htm http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant- conditioning.html

40. Bibliography! http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/be havior/operant.htmlhttp://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/be havior/operant.html http://www.northern.ac.uk/NCMaterials/psy chology/lifespan%20folder/Learningtheorie s.htmhttp://www.northern.ac.uk/NCMaterials/psy chology/lifespan%20folder/Learningtheorie s.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalco nditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/classicalco nditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm http://m.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Opera nt-Conditioning.topicArticleId- 25438,articleId-25346.htmlhttp://m.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Opera nt-Conditioning.topicArticleId- 25438,articleId-25346.html

41. Thank you!