1. Classical Conditioning
Review

2. Classical Conditioning
What is definition?
What is US?
What is UR?
What is NS?
What is NS paired with?
What is CS?
What is CR?
What is extinction? How is it achieved?
What is discrimination?
What is generalization?
Who is associated with this type of learning?

3. 9.2 Operant Conditioning A. Introduction
Definition: What is operant conditioning?
Learning from the consequences of behavior; a certain action is reinforced or punished and the behavior is increased or decreased.
Difference from Classical Conditioning:
In CC the experimenter presents the CS independent of behavior; in OC the participant must engage in a behavior in order for the programmed outcome to occur, that is, the behavior is voluntary.

4. B. Reinforcement Psychologist associated with OC is: B.F. Skinner
To increase behavior, reinforcement is presented
Reinforcement is a stimulus or event that increases the repetition of a behavior
Example: Bird in Skinner Box
Social Approval
Money for grades

5. Example Give me an example of how you would teach a dog to sit up
Name the reinforcement: If it increases behavior, what is it called?

6. Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Primary—one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep
Secondary—one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through CC has acquired value and the ability to reinforce
Best example of secondary reinforcer in society is:
Money
Name some others: praise, status, honor

7. C. Schedules of Reinforcement
Timing and frequency very important
Behavior that is reinforced every time is on : a continuous schedule
Behavior that is reinforced intermittently is on: a partial schedule
Which do you think would make the behavior last longer? Why?

8. 4 Basic Schedules 1. Fixed-Ratio 2. VARIABLE-RATIO
Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses, i.e. every third response
Does not require that a set number of responses be made. Differs each trial.

9. 4 Basic Schedules 3. fixed-interval 4. VARIABLE-interval
First correct response after a specified amount of time gets rewarded
The time at which the reinforcement is given changes

10. Review What are the four schedules? How do they work?
Ratio schedules are based on :
Interval schedules are based on:
Give example of each

11. D. Shaping and Chaining
Shaping: a process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones.
Used to train animals
Chaining: Responses that follow one another in a sequence. Each response signals the next.
Used to learn complex skills--swimming

12. E. Aversive Control
This occurs when behavior is negatively reinforced or punished

13. Negative Reinforcement
A painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed Examples: stone in shoe, fear, disapproval
Note: it follows and negates, takes away a negative stimulus
Uses: 1. escape conditioning—a person’s behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop—whining when served liver
2. avoidance conditioning—the behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening—whining before liver served

14. Punishment
An unpleasant consequence occurs and decreases the frequency of the behavior
Note: opposite of negative reinforcement: in neg reinforcement the behavior increases, in punishment, the behavior decreases

15. Disadvantages of Punishment
What do you think?
Unwanted side effects: rage, aggression, fear
People learn to avoid the person delivering the aversive consequences
Punishment does not teach the appropriate behavior