 Sculpture is “the branch of the visual arts” that works in a three dimensional space and is a “plastic art” which means it involves modeling and molding. Using materials such as stones, wood, ceramics, or metal to model and carve a statue will result in durable sculptures.  Sculpture is the practice and art of creating two- or three- dimensional representative or abstract forms, usually through carving stones, wood, or through casting metal/plaster. It can also mean to represent/make something by casting, carving, or other shaping techniques.  Sculpture can also mean the indentations/ridges of a shell caused by natural processes or in Physical Geography, it can mean the natural change of landscape caused by erosion.

 Common materials used to make a sculpture are: Classic durable materials: metal, bronze, stone and pottery Less durable/ cheaper materials: bone, antler, wood Precious materials: gold, silver, jade, ivory Other common/less expensive materials: hardwoods (e.g. oak), terracotta, ceramics, wax, cast metals (e.g. zinc), glass Dale Chihuly 2006, Blown glass sculpture

 “Sculpture that projects in vary degrees from a two-dimensional background” (Based on Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Time line of Art History description)  The oldest form of sculpted art  Can be further broken down into 3 categories based on the distance between the 2-D background and the sculpture itself: Bas-relief: very low degree of relief from the base, usually seen in the surfaces of famous buildings such as the Parthenon in Greece Alto-relief: emerges from a flat base background such as sculptures of ancient pharaohs on Egyptian temples Sunken-relief: have a negative degree of relief and are carved into the base itself

 Also known as sculpture in-the-round  The type of structure that can be viewed from any angle around the pedestal  Used throughout Greek, Roman, Medieval and other classical eras such as the ones made by Michelangelo's David  A famous example is the statue of George Washington that was carved by Horatio Greenough in 1840 (picture on the left) that currently rests within the Smithsonian Press

 The type of free-standing sculpture that moves usually by mechanical means or by power from wind, light, water, etc.  An example is a fountain  Fountains are not powered by water but they “live within the shapes and forms of the water” as they arc over and form shapes within the air

 A modern form of sculptures  Created by piecing together found or scavenged items/objects that have little to none relationships with each other  Made by gluing, pasting, soldering, nailing, etc. these found objects together to make a 3-D collage  It gives new meaning to everyday objects

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