AP Psych DMA 1.In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was an…. 2.An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is an…. Please turn in FRQ #3 Don’t forget to write down the questions & to leave room for your answers.

Today’s Agenda  DMA/turn in FRQ  Review session info  FRQ expectations  Example of Conditioning  Little Albert  Schedules of reinforcement Homework:  Chap. 8 notes due Thursday, Oct. 27 th  Chap. 8 test – Thursday, Oct. 27th

Chap. 8 Test Review Session 7:00 AMWheeler’s roomWednesday, Oct. 26 th

FRQ Expectations Formative FRQs – writing 1 st drafts, turning in for feedback  10 points each  You will only receive 10 points if you…  Submit a full draft ALL parts of the question have been addressed ALL terms have been defined & applied TDA has been followed 26 students submitted FRQ drafts on Friday  12 of them failed because they did not submit full drafts.

Who was Skinner? What did he research? Discuss with a neighbor

Please take out a piece of paper & grab a textbook…

I need a volunteer… You will get damp

Please write your responses on your paper… 1. Please identify each of these for the squirt bottle demonstration.  NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR

More questions to answer on your paper… 2. What is reinforcement? 3. What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement? Please give examples

What is reinforcement?  Any event that increases the frequency of a preceding action. What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement?  Positive – strengthens a response by presenting a (typically) pleasurable stimulus.  Food, attention, approval, money…  Negative – strengthens a response by reducing or removing an averse stimulus.  Taking an Aspirin for a headache, smoking a cigarette to calm down, hitting the snooze button…

Office Clip sorry about the poor picture quality… Clip

On your paper, please answer 4. Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR from The Office clip.

Conditioning & Gaming… Clip

I need 3 volunteers

Boo/Clapping Operant Conditioning  We need an action (different one for each volunteer)  When our 1 st subject comes in…  Clap every time he/she gets close to or does something like the action We’re trying to shape their behavior. When our 2 nd subject comes in… Boo continuously until he/she does what we want. 3 rd subject – will get boos & clapping  DO NOT prompt them in anyway (except by using the proper reinforcer).

Please answer on your paper… 5. Why was the clapping a positive reinforcer? 6. Why was the booing a negative reinforcer? 7. How did we shape the subject’s behavior? 8. Was the booing/clapping a primary or secondary/conditioned reinforcer? 9. What type of reinforcement schedule did we use? Page if you need to refresh your memory.

Little Albert Watson & Rayner

Historical Importance  Turn of the century  everybody is into Freud and psychoanalysis  Pavlov and Watson move us into behaviorism.  Radically opposed to the psychoanalytic viewpoint.  First to assert that emotional responses exist because we have conditioned to respond to certain stimuli in the environment.

Jumping the gun a bit Watson is famous for the following quote: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, and,yes, beggarman and thief.” (Watson, 1913)

Emotional Theory  Watson theorized that…  If a stimulus that automatically produces a certain emotion in you (such as fear) is repeatedly experienced at the same moment as a neutral stimulus (such as a rat) … the NS will become associated in your brain with fear.

Bringing up Baby  Albert B. was the subject recruited for this experiment.  Albert was 11 months old. He was obtained from a hospital where he had been raised as an orphan.  There was considerable hesitation on part of the researchers, but they went ahead with the experiment.

There is NO WAY this experiment would be performed today Basic ethical standards would prohibit it.

 Watson and Rayner justified the experiment by explaining that such emotional pairings happen naturally, and that they intended to uncondition the baby. (This never occurred as Albert was adopted before they had a chance.) Note: Watson and Rayner were not cruel or sadistic people. This was before ethical standards existed.

But on to the experiment: First Albert was exposed to a variety of stimuli:  A white rat  A rabbit  A monkey  A dog  Masks  White cotton wool He was curious, but emotionally unaffected.

Now for the fear  UCS was a loud noise caused by hitting a four foot steel bar with a hammer.  The NS was a rat.  The process was repeated seven times.  Afterward, the rat alone caused Albert to cry.

Generalization  When presented with a white rabbit, He leaned away, whimpered, and then burst into tears.  Remember – Albert was NOT conditioned to be afraid of the rabbit.

 He also had bad reactions to a dog, a white fur coat, a package of cotton, a Santa mask, and Watson’s head (he had gray hair.)  To test whether the location (room) had any bearing the experimenters changed rooms.  Albert still had a negative reaction, although it was lesser.

Why does this matter?  BIG factor in the explanation and treatment of phobias  Applicable to studies like Sullivan & Lewis’ work with the facial expressions of infants  i.e. how can we understand what baby is feeling in order to help baby out?

Watson & Baby Albert Video clip