2. The Learning Approach 2 Ways We Learn Personality: -System of Associations, Rewards, Punishment -Observations of Others

3. “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” -- Watson, 1930

4. Behaviorists believe… All behavior is a response to a stimulus in the environment. Everything we do is determined by the environment we are in – our personality is formed by the past environments we have been exposed to. Internal mental processes are not important The process of learning is same in all species.

5. Behavior can be explained in two ways: By the stimuli that makes it happen By the events that caused the person to learn to respond to a stimulus a certain way

6. Classical Conditioning People associate two stimuli occurring together. – The response one stimuli brings out is then transferred to the other stimuli. – Response is natural and automatic

7. Classical Conditioning Process Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Neutral Stimulus (NS) No Response US + Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

8. Classical Conditioning Examples: – Little Albert http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE – Pavlov’s Dog Another example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP 5QDM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP 5QDM

9. Operant Conditioning People learn to form new behaviors based on consequences of their actions. – Reinforcement & Punishment Positive Reinforcement: gaining something positive to promote a behavior Negative Reinforcement: losing something negative to promote a behavior Positive Punishment: gaining something negative to decrease a behavior Negative Punishment: losing something positive to decrease a behavior Examples: – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4 – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4F7pmypuB0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4F7pmypuB0

10. Classical or Operant Conditioning? You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days.

11. Classical or Operant Conditioning? The last time Bill ate popcorn, he chipped a tooth on a kernel, and no longer eats popcorn. Martin has a panic attack during a plane ride. Now the mere thought of an airplane makes him very nervous. Twenty years pass and Martin is still afraid of airplanes even though he never took another flight.

12. Classical or Operant Conditioning? You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. – Classical Conditioning You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days. – Operant Conditioning

13. Classical or Operant Conditioning? The last time Bill ate popcorn, he chipped a tooth on a kernel, and no longer eats popcorn. – Operant Conditioning Martin has a panic attack during a plane ride. Now the mere thought of an airplane makes him very nervous. Twenty years pass and Martin is still afraid of airplanes even though he never took another flight. – Classical Conditioning