Bellwork 3/14/14 You are a 15 year-old living in England where the Industrial Revolution has spurred the growth of thousands of factories. Cheap labor is in great demand. Like millions of other teenagers, you do not go to school. Instead, you work in a factory 6 days a week, 14 hours a day. The small pay you receive is needed to help support your family. You trudge to work before dawn every day and work until after sundown. Inside the workplace the air is hot and foul, and after sunset it is so dark it is hard to see. Minding the machines is exhausting, dirty, and dangerous. 1. Would you attempt to change your working conditions in the factory? Which conditions? 2. Would you join a union, go to school, or run away?

25.2 Industrialization The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety of problems

Industrialization Changes Life Factory Work Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods

Industrial Cities Rise Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities Growing population provides work force and a market for factory goods British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

1. What do you think was the reason for the jump in population from ?

Living Conditions Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums Life span in one large city is only 17 years

Living Conditions Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes

Living Conditions Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes and building codes Cities also without adequate housing, education, and police protection

Working Conditions Average working day is 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers Many coal miners killed by coal dust

Class Tensions Grow The Middle Class Middle class—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners and aristocrats Middle class has comfortable standard of living

Class Tensions Grow The Working Class Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines Luddites and other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work Unemployment is a serious problem; unemployed workers riot

The Luddites Named after Ned Ludd, who was a laborer who destroyed the new machines in protest. Beginning in 1811, Luddites attacked whole factories and protested – they wanted their skills and labor to be needed.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions Long-Term Effects Improved living and working conditions still evident today Governments use increased tax revenues for urban developments

Case Study: Manchester The Mills of Manchester Manchester has labor, water, power, nearby port at Liverpool. Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous environment Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some

Case Study: Manchester Children in Manchester Factories Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth

The Day of a Child Laborer, William Cooper 5 am: The workday began. Cooper & his sister rose as early as 4-4:30 to get to the factory in time. Children usually ate their breakfast on the run. 12 noon: The children were given a 40 min break for lunch. This was the ONLY break they received all day. 3 pm: The children often became tired in the evening. To keep them awake, adult supervisors sometimes whipped the children. 6 pm: There was no break for dinner. IF they ate, it was on the run. 9pm: Cooper’s day ended after an exhausting 16 hr shift. 11 pm: Cooper’s sister worked two more hours.