What is Anatomy and Physiology???

 Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of the human body, its parts, their forms, and how they are organized.  Physiology is the study of how the human body parts function – what they do and how they do it.

Cells The basic unit of structure of all organisms (living things). Complex organisms have cells that contain organelles (tiny organs). Tissue Formed when cells organize into layers or structures with a common function. Organ Formed by groups of tissue that interact with a common function. Organs are complex structures with specialized functions Organ System Composed of groups of organs that function closely together Organism Composed of various organ systems.

 All living things:  Have cellular organization.  Contain similar chemicals.  Use energy.  Respond to their surroundings.  Grow and develop.  Reproduce.

 A CELL is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.  Must have a microscope to see cells because they are microscopic. (too small to see with the naked eye)  Organisms may be composed of one or many cells.  Unicellular: single-celled organisms ▪ Example: Bacteria and Amoeba  Multicellular: organisms composed of many cells that are specialized into specific tasks. ▪ Example: animals, humans, and plants

 Movement: Change in position of the body or of the body part; motion of internal organ  Responsiveness: Reaction to a change inside or outside the body  Growth: increase in body size without change in shape  Development is the process of change that occurs during an organism’s life to produce a more complex organism.  Reproduction: production of new offspring  Respiration: obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from food

 Digestion: Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used  Absorption: Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids  Circulation: movement of substances in body fluids  Assimilation: Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms  Excretion: Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

 Metabolism is the sum total of chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up.  Helps us use and gain energy.

 Water  The most abundant chemical in the body.  Most living things can only live a few days without water.  Organisms need water to get chemicals from their surroundings to break down food, grow, move substances, and reproduce.  Food (Source of Energy)  Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Auto- means “self” and – troph means “feeder.” ▪ Make their own food to carry out their own life functions.  Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food. Hetero- means “other.” ▪ Obtain energy by feeding on others.

 Oxygen  Gas that makes up about one-fifth of ordinary air.  Used to release energy from food substances.  Heat  Form of energy that is a product of metabolism.  Degree of heat present partly determines the rate at which reactions occur.  Pressure  Application of force to something  Ex. Force of air on humans is important in breathing  Homeostasis  Condition of a stable environment through self- regulating control systems  Set Point tells what a particular value should be.

 Homestasis  Negative Feedback ▪ When a change from the set point occurs, homeostatic mechanisms are activated to return the body to normal conditions. Once the deviation from the set point begins to lessen, the mechanism begins to slow down.

 Body Regions 1. Axial Region a) Consists of the head, neck, and trunk 2. Appendicular Region a) Consists of the upper limbs and lower limbs (aka extremities)

 The body wall encloses several BODY CAVITIES each lined by a membrane and consisting of organs called viscera (organs contained in body cavities such as kidney, brain, lungs, etc.)

 Cranial Cavity  Enclosed by the cranium (skull) and contains the brain.  Vertebral Canal  Enclosed by the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord.  The cranial and vertebral canals are continuous with each other and are lined with 3 membranes called meninges.

 Thoracic Cavity  Divided by the mediastinum (seperates the lungs)  Other viscera (organs) include the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland  The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominoplevic cavity by a thick muscle called the diaphragm.  The Abdominoplevic Cavity  Consists of the ABDOMINAL cavity and the PELVIC cavity.  Abdominal Cavity contains: ▪ stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines  Pelvic Cavity (enclosed by hip bones) contains: ▪ Lower portion of large intestines, urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs

 Oral Cavity (teeth and tongue)  Nasal Cavity (located in the nose and connects to sinuses)  Orbital Cavities (eyes and associated muscles and nerves)  Middle Ear Cavities (middle ear bones)

 Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Nervous  Endocrine  Circulatory  Lymphatic  Respiratory  Digestive  Urinary  Male Reproductive  Female Reproductive

 Ventral – toward the front or belly  Dorsal – toward the back or spine  Anterior – toward the ventral side  Posterior – toward the dorsal side  Superior – above  Inferior – below  Medial – toward the midsagital plane (middle)  Lateral – away from the midsagital  Proximal – closer to the point of attachment or orgin  Distal – farther from the point of attachment  Superficial – closer to the body surface  Deep – farther from the body surface

 Sagittal refers to a lengthwise plane that divided into left and right portions.  Transverse (horizontal) refers to a plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.  Coronal (frontal) refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.