1. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter #1

2. 1.1 Introduction
Early interest in the human body probably developed as people became concerned about injuries and illness.
Primitive doctors began to learn how certain herbs and potions affected body functions.
The belief that humans could understand forces that caused natural events led to the development of modern science.
A set of terms originating from Greek and Latin words in the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology.

3. 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy describes the form and organization of body parts.
Physiology considers the functions of anatomical parts.
The function of an anatomical part depends on the way it is constructed.
Anatomists continue to discover new anatomical features of the body.

4. Anatomy deals with the FORM or STRUCTURE (morphology) of the body and its ORGANIZATION.
Physiology studies the FUNCTION of these parts.
The topics of anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because the structures of body parts are so closely associated with the functions. Ex. The chambers of the heart are adapted to pump blood through blood vessels.

5. 1.3 Characteristics of Life
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms.
Characteristics of life include: - 10 characteristics
Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

6. Characteristics
Movement- change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ. Ex. Migration movement from place to place.
Responsiveness-Reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body.
Growth- increase in body size without change in shape. When an organism produces new body materials faster than old ones are worn out.
Reproduction- production of new organisms and new cells.
Reproduction and growth are NOT synonymous.

7. Characteristics continued…
5. Respiration- Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods. 6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
6. Digestion- breakdown or food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
7. Absorption- is the passage of substances through various body membranes and into body fluids.

8. Characteristics continued again..
8. Circulation- movement of substances from place to place in body fluids.
9. Assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms.
10. Excretion- removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
Metabolism- acquisition and use of energy.

9. 1.4 Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms
Water- The most abundant chemical in the body. It is used in many metabolic processes, provides the environment for metabolic reactions, and transports substances.
Food-are substances that supply the body with chemicals and water necessary in vital reactions.

10. Requirements of Organisms continued…
3. Oxygen- releases energy from food materials.
4. Heat- is a product of metabolic reactions and it controls the rate at which chemical reactions take place in the body.
5. Pressure- is a force on something. Atmospheric pressure help breathing. Hydrostatic pressure help blood movements.

11. Homeostasis Is a condition of a stable internal environment.
Body parts function only when the concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen and the conditions of heat and pressure remain within certain narrow limits.

12. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Homeostatic mechanisms are self regulating control systems. Negative feedback.
Receptors- which provide info. about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment.
Set point- which tells what a particular value should be. Ex. body temperature 98.6*F. Homeostasis in a healthy person changes around the set point.
Effectors- which cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

13. Perspiring is a cooling process.
Shivering is a heating process. When the body needs to conserve heat, blood vessels in the skin surface constrict.
When a person’s body heat rises, the brain’s temperature control center increases the loss of body heat.
In maintaining homeostasis, the feedback to the control center is triggered by changes away from the set point.

14. 1.5 Levels of Organization
Chemicals are made up of smaller structures called atoms and atoms can combine to form molecules.
Organelles are structures within cells that perform specific functions.
In the human body, the most complex level of organization is the organ system.
Tissues are layers or masses that have common functions.
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

15. 1.6 Organization of the Human Body
Axial portion- which includes the head, neck, and trunk. (Dorsal and Ventral)
Appendicular portion- which includes the upper and lower limbs.
Viscera or visceral organs- vital organs.

16. Dorsal Cavity
Dorsal cavity: cavity in the back of the body. Axial portion.
Divided into the following:
cranial cavity: - skull & contains the brain
spinal cavity: Vertebral canal contains the spinal cord and backbone

17. Ventral Cavity Ventral cavity: located in the front of the body.
Divided into the following thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Divided by diaphragm
Thoracic cavity: - contains the heart & lungs
Mediastinum separates the cavity into 2 compartments. Left and right
pleural cavities: - contain the lungs
pleural membrane: lines the pleural cavity
pericardial cavity: - contains the heart
pericardium: lines the pericardial cavity

18. Ventral Cavity Continued
2. Abdominoplevic cavity: abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines
peritoneum: lines the abdominal cavity
mesentery: holds the organs/viscera in place.
pelvic cavity: contains bladder, reproductive organs, end of large intestines

19. Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive

20. Body Covering
1. The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands (hair follicles).
Protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, and synthesizes various substances.

21. Support and movement
2. Skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments.
Provides a framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles. Produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts.
3. Muscular system includes the muscles of the body.
Moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat.

22. Integration and coordination
4. Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
Receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them by stimulating muscles or glands.
5. Endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones, which regulate metabolism.
Includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland and pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland.

23. Transport
6. Cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
7. Lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen.
Defends body against disease-causing agents.

24. Absorption and excretion
8. Digestive system receives foods, breakdown food into usable molecules, and eliminates waste.
Includes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine.
9. Respiratory system exchanges gases between the air and blood.
Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

25. 10. Urinary system filters waste from the blood and helps maintain water, acid-base, and electrolyte balance.
Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

26. Reproduction 11. Reproductive system produce new organisms.
Male reproductive transports sperm cells
Female reproductive transports egg cells

27. 1.7 Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position: Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part.
Superior: Needs to be in reference to another part. What does it mean? Above
Inferior: Opposite of superior, what does it mean? Below

28. Anatomical Terms continued…
3. Anterior: Means the same as ventral in humans. Where does it refer to? Front
Posterior Means the same as dorsal in humans. What is it referring to? Back
Ex. the spinal cord is posterior to the heart
5. Medial means towards the midline.
Lateral means towards the side.
Ex. the ears are lateral to the nose.

29. Anatomical Terms continued again…
7. Proximal also is in reference to another part. It means closer to the point of origin.
8. Distal is the opposite of proximal. It means farther from the point of origin.
9. Superficial is close to the surface.
10. Deep is far from the surface.

30. Body Sections
Sagittal: A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. Mid-sagittal if it passes the midline.
Transverse (horizontal, cross-sectional) A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Frontal (coronal): A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

31. Work Cited
Human Body picture
The Human Body picture