 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 AECL Perspectives on newcomer NPP owners: lessons from the Cernavoda experience John Saroudis Regional Vice-President CANDU Reactor Division IAEA Technical Meeting/Workshop “Topical Issues on Infrastructure Development: Managing the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power” 9-12 February 2010, Vienna, Austria

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, Outline AECL Profile Vendor Expectations of newcomers to nuclear Some key questions Legal, commercial and regulatory matters Training and Education Industrial and Localisation Aspects The Cernavoda Experience Longer Term Issues Conclusions

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Established in 1952 to lead the Canadian nuclear industry. 33 CANDU reactors in-service worldwide Over 5,000 employees CANDU recognized as one of the top 10 major engineering achievements of the past century in Canada. World records in construction and commissioning. Advanced R&D Facilities

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, AECL’s Power Reactor Products ACR-1000 TM (Advanced CANDU Reactor TM ) 1200 MWe class reactor Generation III+ technology Combines experience of CANDU 6 with new CANDU concepts Light water cooling & low enriched fuel Enhanced safety, economics, operability EC6 (Enhanced CANDU 6) 740 MWe class Heavy water moderated and cooled, natural uranium fueled Based on the Qinshan project Enhanced to meet current regulatory requirements in Canada and internationally, and the Gen III guidelines

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, CANDU – A Global Success Pickering, Canada Qinshan III, China Wolsong, S. Korea Romania Cernavoda 2 units + 2 units planned Ontario, Canada Darlington 4 units Pickering 6 units Bruce 8 units India 2 CANDU units 15 PHWR units, 3 units under construction China Qinshan 2 units Quebec, Canada Gentilly 2 1 unit N.Brunswick, Canada Point Lepreau1 unit Argentina Embalse1 unit Pakistan KANUPP1 unit South Korea Wolsong 4 units

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Vendor Expectations of NPP newcomer countries Vendors want to deal with an intelligent customer; Realistic expectations and objectives from host country; Clear and practical (credible) process; Transparency and trust; Host country commitment to undertaking long process to develop the necessary infrastructure and human resources required for the successful implementation of an NPP program; 6

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Vendor Expectations: some key questions What is the country's legal framework: does it adhere to international agreements? Does the country have the ability to develop the required human resources? Does it have a developed electricity sector from which to draw resources that can be further trained? What is the funding/financing model? 7

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Why the subject is pertinent 43 countries have expressed interest in building a first NPP; 25 countries are actively considering nuclear power programs; Newcomer Country Perspective: Issues of economic effort, capability of industrial infrastructure, availability of human resources, cultural considerations Nuclear Vendor Perspective: Responding to new NPP acquisition process is a time-consuming and expensive process 8

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 What the vendor can do Help educate the buyer with help from the IAEA; Undertake joint pre-feasibility studies (reflect some vendor requirements into the process); Make their expectations and requirements known to the newcomer countries; Sell proven technology; this provides a reliable base on which to build in a newcomer country. 9

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 OFFICIAL USE ONLY CANDU Development: A Strong History Years Power (MWe) 900+ MWe Class Reactors 600+ MWe Class Reactors NRX NRU NPD NPD Douglas Point Pickering A Pickering B Bruce A Bruce B Darlington CANDU 9 Research & Prototype Reactors Today RAPPS 1,2 KANUPP ZEEP ACR ACR and beyond Gentilly 2 Wolsong 1 Pt Lepreau Embalse Cernavoda Wolsong2,3,4 Qinshan1&2 CANDU 6 Enhanced CANDU 6

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Legal and Commercial Aspects Legal: Non-Proliferation legislation; Nuclear Liability legislation; Commercial: Well-established judicial system; Acceptance of 3 rd country legal system (if required); 11

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Regulatory Aspects Independent regulatory capability needs to be built up early in the process; Close initial cooperation with vendor countries regulators; Train regulator staff in vendor country(s); Adopt a clear, well-structured licensing system; 12

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Training and Education Training: Second regulator staff and future operations staff to vendor country institutions/utilities; Develop local labour capabilities in nuclear manufacturing and construction; Education: Existence of high level universities; Institute nuclear engineering courses including Masters level; Educate future pillars of nuclear program in vendor country universities 13

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb,  Autonomy - self-reliance  ability to implement program without undue dependence on others  Economic development  local companies to benefit from economic activity  Scientific & Industrial Development  strengthens centres of excellence that support other industries  Shorten the supply chain  suppliers closer to customers  eliminate language barriers  Costs  reduce costs in a multi-unit new build program Industrial and Localisation Aspects

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb,  AECL is committed to share technology  Four decades of experience  CANDU plants exported to six countries & operate in over six languages  High localization in most “CANDU” countries  AECL has no manufacturing facilities- therefore ready to partner with local companies AECL Localization Policy

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, Long history of collaboration starting in the late 1960’s Technology transfer contracts signed in 1978 for CANDU 6 technology; Initially program was too ambitious and not realistic (too much dependence on local capability; program too large in scale); From 1990’s and on the program was scaled back to one more manageable and has resulted in the completion of two very successful CANDU 6 units (Unit 1: in 1996 and Unit 2 in 2007) The Cernavoda Experience

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Short history of Canada/Romania nuclear cooperation Preliminary Phase: Initial discussions started in late 1960’s; Bilateral agreement signed 1971; Joint AECL/ Ministry of Electrical Energy study; Common study AECL/ISPE on feasibility of CANDU in Romania ( ); –Meeting international safety standards; –Economic evaluation; –Localisation studies; localised D2O production; Visits to Canadian nuclear sites 17

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Short history of Canada/Romania nuclear cooperation (con’t) 1 st Commercial Phase ( ): Commercial contracts signed in 1978: –Technology transfer to manufacturing sector; –Training in Canada (engineering training at AECL; operations training at Canadian utilities: Pickering and Pt. Lepreau NPPs) 2 nd commercial phase (1990’s to present): Greater involvement from vendor; Single unit pace (not 5 units at once); Successful completion of Unit 1 in 1996; Successful completion of Unit 2 in 2007 (greater local participation – local training of operations staff) 18

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Cernavoda: Regulatory Cooperation Initially Romania adopted USNRC based licensing process; Then had to be adapted to CANDU approach in collaboration with the AECB (CNSC); CNCAN set up team of about 25 staff who were trained in Canada; In latter years of 2 nd commercial phase the CNSC had a full-time representative advising CNCAN during Unit 1 construction; Unit 2 licensed entirely by CNCAN ( ) 19

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Cernavoda: Technology Transfer 1978 agreements had significant technology transfer from Canadian to Romanian nuclear manufacturing sector; Capability developed for an ambitious nuclear program during the 1980’s (e.g. for Cernavoda Unit 3 it was envisaged to manufacture calandria vessel in Romania); In reality fell somewhat short of requirements; Long delays in program and limited volume led to failure to fully develop domestic capability and eventually to further erosion (mainly in manufacturing). 20

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Longer Term Issues: Effective nuclear programs need sustained efforts to maintain capabilities; Long interruption in program leads to loss of capability; Competition for trained human resources can seriously hamper domestic programs (manufacturing; construction; operation); Need to adapt objectives to realistic requirements (a single or 2 unit program has different requirements than a multi-unit long-term program) 21

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, 2010 Conclusions Vendors want to deal with an intelligent and well- prepared customer; The acquisition process is long and complex: newcomer countries must devote the necessary resources (human and monetary) to carry this out; Preparation for introduction of a first NPP is long and demands commitment from the buyer; But, it has been done successfully in several countries; You CANDU it also! 22

 Copyright Atomic Energy of Canada Limited IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 9-12 Feb, Thank you