2. CNS The Canadian Nuclear Society People supporting applied nuclear science & technology Communication on technical nuclear issues Independent – no corporate, government mandate Established 1979, independently incorporated 1998 Scientists & Engineers Educators Administrators Nuclear Operators Media Decision Makers Students Interested Public FREE MEMBERSHIP

6. Dr. George Laurence Canadian Nuclear Pioneer National Research Council, Ottawa, 1940 Dr. George Laurence Canadian Nuclear Pioneer National Research Council, Ottawa, 1940 Record-breaking twin CANDUs at Qinshan, China, 2003 Record-breaking twin CANDUs at Qinshan, China, 2003 Canadian Nuclear Science and Technology: Innovation and Excellence for over 60 years Canadian Nuclear Science and Technology: Innovation and Excellence for over 60 years

7. CANDU: “One of Canada’s top ten engineering achievements of the past century” Canadian engineering centennial, 1987 Pickering, Ontario

8. In the beginning …

9. Ernest Rutherford Otto Hahn, 26 yrs. old, later to receive the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of fission Ernest Rutherford at McGill University describes radioactivity Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1908 McGill University, 1905 (1871 - 1937) 1898-1907 … describes nuclear structure of atoms 1910 … describes artificial transmutation 1919 …

10. “If it were ever possible to control at will the rate of disintegration of the radio-elements, an enormous amount of energy could be obtained from a small amount of matter” Ernest Rutherford, Montreal, 1904

11. James Chadwick discoverer of the neutron, 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1935 (1891 - 1974) start of the Neutron Transmutation “bandwagon” 1932 … # protons # neutrons ?

12. “The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine” Sir Ernest Rutherford, London, 1933 (1871 - 1937)

13. 1939 … January: FISSION ! (Hahn, Strassmann, Meitner, Frisch) September: WAR ! (Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo)

14. 1940 … Hans von Halban Lew Kowarski Have heavy water, will travel French heavy-water research evades the Nazis to the U.K., and subsequently to Canada (1942)

15. George Laurence First fission experiments in Canada and the world, 1940-42 National Research Council, Ottawa (1905 - 1987) 1940-1942 …

16. “Montreal Group” (U. of Montreal) 1942-1944 Hans von Halban George Laurence Mandate: heavy-water plutonium-production reactor for the Manhattan Project Mandate: heavy-water plutonium-production reactor for the Manhattan Project

17. Chalk River Laboratories 1944 …

18. Chalk River Laboratories (today)

19. 1945 … ZEEP: first reactor in the world outside the U.S.A. Lew Kowarski

20. Canada in 1945: Second largest nuclear infrastructure on the planet Atomic bomb knowledge World experts on heavy-water reactor Uranium supplies World’s most powerful research reactor (NRX) under construction Second largest nuclear infrastructure on the planet Atomic bomb knowledge World experts on heavy-water reactor Uranium supplies World’s most powerful research reactor (NRX) under construction … WHERE TO GO FROM HERE…?

21. NRU (1957) Canada’s Choice: Peaceful Applications of Nuclear Energy NRX (1947) A Mecca for nuclear research

22. 1951 … “The Atom Bomb That Saves Lives” MacLean’s Magazine University of Saskatchewan University of Western Ontario FIRST PATIENT: 27 Oct, 1951 FIRST PATIENT: 8 Nov, 1951 COBALT CANCER THERAPY

23. 1952 … Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Government creates Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.

24. 1950’s … Bertram Brockhouse (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1994) Triple Axis Spectrometer, 1958 Tandem Accelerator, 1959 Ted Litherland, Allan Bromley, Harry Gove

25. 1950’s … A Canadian Gift to the World: Cancer Therapy and Nuclear Medicine

26. 1962 … NUCLEAR POWER DEMONSTRATION (Rolphton, Ont.)

27. Argentina (1) Canada (22) Romania (2) India (2) Pakistan (1) South Korea (4) China (2) CANDU Reactors Around the World Operating & Under Construction or Refurbishment 2004…

28. Pickering, Ontario (1971-73, 1983-86) Darlington, Ontario (1990-93) Bruce, Ontario (1977-79, 1985-87) Pt. Lepreau, New Brunswick (1983) Gentilly 1 and 2, Quebec (1971, 1983) Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD), Ontario (1962) CANDU in Canada Douglas Point, Ontario (1966)

29. CANDU around the world Wolsong, South Korea (1982, 1997-99) Embalse, Argentina (1984) Cernavoda, Romania (1996, 2006, …?) Rajasthan, India (1973, 1982) Rajasthan, India (1973, 1982) Kanupp, Pakistan (1972) Qinshan, China (2002-03)