NAVIGATION Point A to Point B This does not supercede ANY official document.

Aircraft Antennas (Cessna.com) On light aircraft, the comm, nav, GPS, and transponder antennas are generally in the same location. VOR Weather Radar GPS Comm. (Communication) Transponder DME Distance Measuring Equipment Emergency Locator Transmitter ELT Static Wicks Not Antennas

+= INSTRUMENT COMBO’S

RADIO NAVAIDS VOR VOR/DME VORTAC

CDI Display 360 FROM 180 TO 270 FROM 090 TO 180 FROM 360 TO 090 FROM 270 TO 1.Airplane Heading: Airplane Heading: Airplane Heading Airplane Heading: 090 The white bar on the VOR Display represents the radial emitted by the VOR station. The white empty circle in the middle of the display represents your aircraft. Depending on the TO/FROM indication, the displacement of the white bar from the circle represents the distance and direction from the VOR radial and direction from the station.

CDI Display 270 FROM 090 TO 180 FROM 360 TO 090 FROM 270 TO When you are tracking (usually outbound) a radial on the you refer to the radial as its indicated “number,” this would FROM be the radial FROM. When tracking inbound TO a station, You would use your desired heading TO the station. i.e. 090 TO would be the same as 270 FROM. SO… FROM is ________ 084 TO is ___________ 132 FROM is ________ 264 TO is ___________

TO FROM TO or FROM?

NDB’s and ADF’s ALL AM broadcast stations may be used as radio beacons, NDB or commercial stations (provided you have the right equipment).

WHAT IS THIS SAYING? (100 TO)

Pilotage Navigating by using landmarks you can see and comparing them with your chart is called pilotage. This is the most basic form of navigation, but the hardest for some people to actually do. Never try to compare your chart to the ground, only compare the ground to the chart. This way, you can match a large landmark on the ground to a small area on the chart (even when you’re lost). This skill becomes useful when your instruments break. INOP. NEVER TRY TO COMPARE THE CHART TO THE GROUND

Pros Advantages: -Easy, reliable way to plan -Landmarks will ALWAYS be there (no maintenance like other nav aids) -Can see many from a great distance -Some are known by name to ATC (Squaw Peak, The “Gap,” Lake Pleasant, The “Canal and Freeway,” ect…) 45 minutes North of Phoenix, AZ Lake Pleasant This is an example Of an easily verifiable Landmark with AT LEAST 10 distinctive features

Cons Must maintain a low altitude May run into bad weather Landmarks may look alike Occasionally a zig-zag course must be flown. Warm air and wind near the surface usually means turbulence, particularly through mountains.

Ded. Reckoning Navigating by calculating the aircraft’s speed, time from the previous landmark or waypoint, and correcting for winds aloft is deduced reckoning. It can be used in conjunction with pilotage to determine an aircraft’s position between two points. INOP.

Planned leg time: 15 min Ground Speed: 80 kts Leg total: 20 nm Flight time: 5 min Time remaining: 10 min This should be easy

Cross-Country Planning Check A/FD and chart effective dates. Select destination (and get airport info.) Select route (straight line is best if possible) Pick points along the line Measure distances and note mileage Select altitude (allow lots of room) Define navaid reference points (i.e. VOR radials with DME, triangulation, VOR rdaials and NDB radials, ect…) Calculate estimated en-route time, fuel burn, and endurance (exclude unusable fuel). Ensure it falls below the required fuel reserve at normal cruise fuel consumption. (AT LEAST: 30 min Day VFR, 45 min Night VFR...FAR ) Get airport frequencies, runway dimensions, and runway headings Get the current/forecasted weather (TAF, METAR, FA, Weather Warnings, FD, Sigmets, Convective Sigmets, Airmets, ect…) Get all applicable NOTAMS and TFR’s.

Airspace Review FAR AIRSPACE VISIBILITY in SM CLOUD CLEARANCE CLASS AIFR ONLY CLASS B3STAY CLEAR OF CLOUDS CLASS C3+1,000, -500, CLASS D3+1,000, -500, CLASS E ,000’ MSL5+1,000, and -10,000’ MSL3+1,000, -500, CLASS or + 10,000 MSL5+1,000, -1,000, +1,200 AGL / -10,000 MSL DAY1+1,000, -500, +1,200 AGL / -10,000 MSL NIGHT3+1,000, or -1,200 AGL NO MATTER MSL ALT. DAY1STAY CLEAR OF or -1,200 AGL NO MATTER MSL ALT. NIGHT3+1,000, -500,

Filing a Flight Plan WX-BRIEF -or X N4364T PA /A 115 KIWA 0000Z 8500 KPRC - KIGM KLAS Las Vegas, McCarran 2 hours 55 min. NONE 400 NONE Private Student, , KIWA 1 Blue on White RENO

In Flight First, above all else, FLY THE AIRPLANE! (it seems simple but you can be easily distracted) Second, pay attention to your heading and reference points (correct for precession and wind drift). Third, monitor the engine and fuel gauges. If anything is wrong and you start to panic…refer to step one, analyze the situation, and call for help if necessary.

Arrival Use the A/FD and charts to determine the correct frequencies and pattern entry procedures for the destination airport if you haven’t already (this should have been done during the planning phase). Don’t plan a route using unusable fuel too! Planned/Expected Route ATC Instruction “Report 3 Mile Final, Runway 27” Wind Land Tie Down Finally knots