1. VOR and GPS Navigation

2. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
VOR
Stands for VHF Omni-Directional Range
Provides magnetic bearing information to or from a station
Comes in 3 types
VOR
VOR/DME
VORTAC
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
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VOR
Navigational Aid only
Provides only navigational information based on magnetic bearing
Thus, aligned with magnetic north
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VOR/DME
DME Co-located with the VOR
Allows pilot to determine distance to the station if aircraft is equipped with a DME receiver
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VORTAC
Military TACtical Air Navigation (TACAN) Co-located with the VOR
Allows pilot to determine distance to the station if aircraft is equipped with a DME receiver
Same concept as a VOR/DME
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VOR Principles
Ground station that projects straight line courses (radials) from the station in all directions
From top view, imagine the spokes from the hub of a wheel
Distance of the VOR radials depends on the power output of transmitter
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VOR Principles
All courses (or radials) from the station are in reference to magnetic north
Therefore, radial is called “magnetic bearing”
Radials are identified by numbers 001 to 360 degrees
Compass rose on chart to help aid in interpretation
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VOR Principles
Transmits on a frequency band of to MHz
VHF – Line of sight
Range depends mainly on altitudes
Generally, you can ensure reception within 40 to 45 miles of a VOR above 1000 feet AGL
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VOR Classifications
Classified by their operational use:
Terminal (T)
High Altitude (H)
Low Altitude (L)
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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Terminal VOR
Altitude of 12,000 feet and below
Distance of up to 25 miles from station
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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Low Altitude VOR
Altitude of 18,000 feet and below
Distance of up to 40 miles from station
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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High Altitude VOR
Reception distance varies based upon altitudes
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

13. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Using the VOR
Tune the VOR Frequency into the VOR Receiver
Ensure that VOR receiver is in VOR/Localizer mode (VLOC)
Identify the station
Press the volume button on the VOR Radio
Ensure NAV is highlighted
Listen for Morse code
Navigate by selecting the proper bearing to or from the station
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

14. Components of a VOR Receiver
TO flag
Course Deviation Indicator
Omni-Bearing Selector
NAV Flag
Degrees off course
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
Compass Card
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VOR Tracking
Are you going TO or FROM the station?
Two different radials
If you enter the wrong one, you will “reverse sense”
Bracket for wind and keep the CDI centered
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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Bad Tracking
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

17. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Reverse Sensing
Always use a bearing that corresponds relatively close to heading
Why does it happen?
VOR Receiver doesn’t know heading of aircraft
It only senses your direction from station
If you set to reciprocal your CDI will deflect in the opposite direction
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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Cone of Confusion
Flying over VOR station, receiver becomes confused on whether you are TO or FROM the station
You may notice an OFF flag if directly overhead
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

19. Cross Checking Position
Using Triangulation
Take to Radials from two known VORs
Will make three known points
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

20. VOR Orientation Exercises
Open Page 9-28 of your Jeppesen Book
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

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VOR Receiver Checks
Generally, VORs are pretty accurate (+/- 1 degree)
Must check the accuracy of the receiver
Do this every 30 days
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

22. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
VOR Receiver Checks
No specific tolerances for VFR Flight (IFR Only)
3 ways to check accuracy:
FAA VOR Test Facility (VOT)
Certified Airborne Checkpoint
Certified Ground Checkpoint
If two receivers are installed in the aircraft, a dual receiver check can be done
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

23. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
VOT
Use CDI to center 180 or 360
Should say 180 degrees TO or 360 degrees FROM
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

24. VOR Ground/Air Checkpoint
Follow the directions on the checkpoint description for the azimuth
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

25. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Dual Receiver Check
Put both receivers on the same course
Receivers should match one another
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

26. Time and Distance from a Station
Used to determine how far from a station with no DME
Time in seconds between bearings
Degrees of bearing change
= Minutes to Station
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

27. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
HSI
Improved VOR indicator that combines heading indicator with VOR
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

28. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
DME
Always a separate facility, even if collocated with the VOR
Signal code every 30 seconds says DME is working
VOR Morse code repeats 3 to 4 times in 30 seconds
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

29. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
DME
Operates based upon slant range distance
More accurate if further away
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

30. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
GPS Navigation…
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

31. Global Positioning System
Satellite based navigation system
Worldwide in scope
Development still underway
US D.O.D.
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

32. Global Positioning System
Not necessary to know the technical aspects of GPS operation to use in VFR navigation
Does differ, however from the conventional ground-based electronic navigation
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

33. Global Positioning System
Uses specialized calculations, known as Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) to determine if a satellite is providing corrupted information
RAIM needs a minimum of 5 satellites
If RAIM Warning, GPS is not accurate
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

34. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
VFR Waypoints for GPS
Normally starts with a VP…
E.g. VPSMS can be input directly into the GPS receiver
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

35. GNS 430 Tips and Tricks

36. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.