1. Instrument Navigation
Chapter 2, Section C

2. VOR Navigation Ground Based Transmitter 360 Radials
Aligned with magnetic north
Directional
Line of sight

3. VOR Ground Facility

4. Ground Facilities - VOR
Operate in MHz Band
Standard Service Volumes (SSV)
High Altitude(HVOR) watts, up to 130 nm, used for airways
Low Altitude(LVOR) - about 100 watts, up to 40 nm, used for airways
Terminal(TVOR) - 50 watts, 25 nm, used for approaches

9. VOR Receiver Checks VOT VOR Ground Checkpoint VOR Airborne Checkpoint
180o TO, 360o FROM; +/- 4o
VOR Ground Checkpoint
Indicated radial; +/- 4o
VOR Airborne Checkpoint
Indicated radial; +/- 6o
Centerline of airway; +/- 6o
Dual VOR Check
Within 4o

10. Using the VOR CDI To-From Indicator Intercepting a radial Tracking
wind correction
Station passage
cone of confusion
Reverse sensing

11. Rotating Course Card
TO/FROM
Omni Bearing Selector
Course Deviation Indicator

14. Using the VOR Basic VOR Indicator Horizontal Situation Indicator HSI
each dot on CDI is 2o
full scale deflection is 10o
1 deg in 60 nm is 1 nm
OBS
Horizontal Situation Indicator HSI
incorporates HI, CDI, Glideslope
makes easier to scan
not reverse sensing except for using on BC

16. VOR Time & Distance Calculations
90 deg Method (no wind)
Time to station=Time(sec)/bearing change

17. VOR Time Distance - 900

18. Time to station (min)
Established inbound on a radial rotate the obs 10o to the left, turn the aircraft 10o to the right
Note the time and maintain heading until the cdi centers
60 x Min flown between bearing change Degrees of bearing change

19. Distance To station (NM)
TAS X Min. flown between bearing change
Degrees of bearing change

20. Isosceles Triangle B
5 minutes
5 minutes C A

21. ADF Navigation Ground based transmitter Low/medium frequency (AM)
Non-directional beacon (NDB)
Not line of sight
No receiver checks
No flags - listen to Morse code

22. Operational Considerations
NDB
Compass locator (LOM) - 25 watts, 15 NM
MH - less than 50 watts, 25 NM
H - 50 to 1999 watts, up to 50 NM
HH - 2,000 watts or more, 75 NM

24. Using the ADF (fixed card)
Magnetic heading + relative bearing = magnetic bearing
Intercepting a bearing
Tracking
wind correction
to the station
from the station
Time and distance to a station
Station passage

25. Rotating Card

28. DME Ground based - VOR/DME, VORTAC, ILS/DME, LOC/DME
Interrogation and response
rate * time = distance
Uses slant distance - 1 NM away for each 1000’ elevation

31. Area Navigation VOR/DME, VORTAC based INS LORAN Phantom VORs
Self Contained
LORAN

32. Radio Magnetic Indicator RMI
HI, 1 or 2 pointers for the different stations
Pointers show the bearing to the station without mental calculations
Tail of the VOR pointer is the radial you are on

34. Global Positioning System(GPS
Describe how it works.
A fog horn blows on the hour, … speed of sound is 550 ft/s.
Same for GPS except using speed of light.
Accuracy within 300 meters 99.99% of time
Vertical accuracy is not great.
Accuracy can be improved by DGPS

35. Global Positioning System(GPS)
RAIM
continuously monitors signals received for validity
required for IFR GPS

36. Global Positioning System(GPS)
Two Main types of IFR GPS
enroute approved
approach approved
database must be updated frequently
database contains info about airports, intersections, VOR, NDB, etc
Lack of Standardization among manufacturers

37. GPS Approaches Generally has a LCD or LED CDI
“fly to the bars”
when navigating 30 miles away
1 dot is 1 nm, 5 nm full scale deflection
when closer
ramps to 1 nm full scale deflection
as you fly the approach
ramps down to 0.3 nm full scale deflection