Hunger

Theories of Motivation

Theories of Emotion

Stress Psychology

Social Motives

Anything Goes!

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How does memory affect hunger?

We use the memory of our last meal to gauge our hunger

What types of food do we have a genetic predisposition for?

Salty and sweet

Type of sugar needed by cells for energy; When these levels drop, we feel hungry

Glucose

What is the job of the lateral hypothalamus?

Activity brings on hunger; “launches hunger”

What three hormones are associated with hunger?

Orexin: triggers hunger (released by LH) Ghrelin: arouses hunger (released by pancreas and lining of the stomach) Leptin: positively correlated with fat stores; when low, released and imitates hunger

Specific, inborn behavior patterns characteristic of an entire species

Instincts

What theory: Motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce a bodily state of tension/arousal and return the body to homeostasis

Drive Reduction

What is intrinsic motivation?

Motivation is provided by the activity itself

On Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what are the needs for appreciation and respect called??

Esteem needs

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal can be tolerated without interfering with performance

A stimulus produces a physiological response  emotion is experienced

James-Lange Theory

Theory that says physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time (and independently)

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion = physical arousal + cognitive label

Two-Factor Theory

Creators of the Two Factor Theory

Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer

What was Walter Cannon’s criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

The body’s responses to emotions are all very similar

What is stress?

The unpleasant emotional state that results from the perception of danger

The immediate reaction to the stressor in which a fight or flight reaction is exhibited

Alarm reaction

Type of conflict that exists when faced with two desirable alternatives

Approach-Approach

How can stress affect your sleep- awake cycle?

Cortisol is released in reaction to a stressor; Cortisol helps you wake; Cortisol keeps you up!

What is the “tend and befriend” response to stress?

Often exhibited by women instead of the fight or flight response; Involves soothing others, forming social alliances, and/or hiding

The need to excel, to overcome obstacles, and outperform others

Achievement motivation

The need to be with others

Affiliation motive

What kind of tasks do people high in achievement motivation prefer?

Moderately difficult; Success is attainable and attributable to their skill and effort

From an evolutionary point of view, why do we have a need to affiliate?

Social bonds helped our ancestors survive; Survival was enhanced by cooperation; Loneliness was a warning that something was wrong!

Who studied achievement motivation?

David McClelland

What findings have psychologists found regarding aggression and gender?

Men are more likely than females to act aggressively (across all cultures and all times!)

What is a “set point” in regards to weight?

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is set; When the body falls below this point, an increase in hunger occurs

What is the catharsis hypothesis regarding aggression?

Releasing aggressive energy through fantasy and action relieves aggressive urges; Not true!

Why do we gain weight?

Biological factors, set point theory, fat cells, gender, lifestyle

How does hemispheric activity relate to emotions?

Left hemisphere activity is correlated with positive emotions; Right hemisphere is associated with negative emotions