2. Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 1: Drives, Hunger, and the Hierarchy of Needs

3. Motivation Guides Behavior Motivation: is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior. Motivation: is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior. Behavior is guided by both physiological and psychological needs/desires. Behavior is guided by both physiological and psychological needs/desires.

4. Evolutionary Motivators Instinct: inherited pattern of behavior that is unlearned. Most common in species outside of humans. Instinct: inherited pattern of behavior that is unlearned. Most common in species outside of humans. Ex: Imprinting Ex: Imprinting

5. Internal Motivation How do you know when it is time for a glass of water? How do you know when it is time for a glass of water?

6. This Feeling of Thirstiness Creates a Drive Drive: type of motivation that is experienced as an aroused state of psychological /physiological tension caused by some need. Ex: Sex Drive Drive: type of motivation that is experienced as an aroused state of psychological /physiological tension caused by some need. Ex: Sex Drive Drives motivate us to do something. Drives motivate us to do something. The goal of our body according to some psychologists, is to ELIMINATE all drives so that we can experience homeostasis: a balanced or constant internal state that the body regulates. The goal of our body according to some psychologists, is to ELIMINATE all drives so that we can experience homeostasis: a balanced or constant internal state that the body regulates. Thermostat Thermostat

7. Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory: idea that physiological needs create tension states (drives) which motivates organism to satisfy the need. Drive Reduction Theory: idea that physiological needs create tension states (drives) which motivates organism to satisfy the need. Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to get water. Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to get water. After you drink, the drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis. After you drink, the drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis.

8. Drive Reduction Theory in Action

9. External Incentives Also Influence Motivation Incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior apart from “need” to reduce drives. Incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior apart from “need” to reduce drives. Ex: money, etc. Ex: money, etc.

10. Theory of Optimal Arousal Although our bodies try to reduce tension inducing arousal, organisms are often motivated by curiosity (not a physiological need) and seek out arousal which may help them gain access to information and resources. Although our bodies try to reduce tension inducing arousal, organisms are often motivated by curiosity (not a physiological need) and seek out arousal which may help them gain access to information and resources. Organisms want to avoid boredom. Organisms want to avoid boredom. Babies Explore their surroundings out of curiosity.

11. Monkeys Illustrating Optimal Arousal

12. Know Components of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs -Physical Needs at bottoms must be met first. -Physical Needs at bottoms must be met first. -Psychological goals come after…ultimate goal is self actualization. -Psychological goals come after…ultimate goal is self actualization.

13. Physiology and Hunger Stomach contractions (hunger pangs) accompany our feelings of hunger. Stomach contractions (hunger pangs) accompany our feelings of hunger. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time in minutes Subject swallows balloon, which measures stomach contraction Subject presses key each time when hungry Stomach contractions Hunger pangs

14. Body Chemistry’s Influence on Hunger Glucose: blood sugar that provides energy to the body tissues. Glucose: blood sugar that provides energy to the body tissues. When your glucose levels are LOW you will feel hungry, when glucose levels are HIGH you will feel full. When your glucose levels are LOW you will feel hungry, when glucose levels are HIGH you will feel full. The hormone insulin is the primary regulator of glucose levels. The hormone insulin is the primary regulator of glucose levels. Without insulin the body does not effectively dispose of glucose and provide it as energy (diabetes). Without insulin the body does not effectively dispose of glucose and provide it as energy (diabetes).

15. Neurotransmitters Influence on Hunger Like glucose, if the following neurotransmitters are at low levels you will feel hungry, and if they are at high levels you will feel full: Like glucose, if the following neurotransmitters are at low levels you will feel hungry, and if they are at high levels you will feel full: Norepinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Dopamine Serotonin Serotonin

16. The Brain and Hunger The hypothalamus is the main brain structure which monitors hunger along with other maintenance activities. The hypothalamus is the main brain structure which monitors hunger along with other maintenance activities. The lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger; if destroyed no interest in food/stimulation will do opposite. The lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger; if destroyed no interest in food/stimulation will do opposite. The ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger; if destroyed animal will overeat/stimulation will do opposite. The ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger; if destroyed animal will overeat/stimulation will do opposite.

17. The Mystery of the Fat Rat Causes? Causes?

18. Brain Chemical that Affects Hunger Leptin: is a protein produced by bloated fat cells; when these levels rise the body tells you to stop eating and pursue some type of activity. Leptin: is a protein produced by bloated fat cells; when these levels rise the body tells you to stop eating and pursue some type of activity. Mice Experiment Mice Experiment

19. Hunger Hormones Insulin- controls blood glucose Insulin- controls blood glucose Orexin- increases hunger Orexin- increases hunger Ghrelin- “I’m hungry” Ghrelin- “I’m hungry” PYY- “I’m Not Hungry” PYY- “I’m Not Hungry”

20. Genetic Influences on Hunger /Weight Number of fat cells is determined by genetics to a certain extent. Number of fat cells is determined by genetics to a certain extent. Set Point: body’s ideal weight set by its “weight thermostat.” Set Point: body’s ideal weight set by its “weight thermostat.” When body falls below weight; hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate continues. When body falls below weight; hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate continues. Basal Metabolic Rate (metabolism): body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. Basal Metabolic Rate (metabolism): body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. Some individuals’ metabolisms are much higher than others. Some individuals’ metabolisms are much higher than others.

21. Time’s Affect on Hunger Memory of our last meal can also affect hunger along with our schedule of when we usually eat. Memory of our last meal can also affect hunger along with our schedule of when we usually eat. Amnesia Patients Example. Amnesia Patients Example.

22. Learning and Hunger If good eating habits are positively reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy. If good eating habits are positively reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy. People can also develop taste aversions due to certain associations. Ex: chemotherapy patients. People can also develop taste aversions due to certain associations. Ex: chemotherapy patients. Modeling: modeling of healthy or poor eating habits can effect a child’s eating. Modeling: modeling of healthy or poor eating habits can effect a child’s eating. Ex: Lebron James drinks Sprite. Ex: Lebron James drinks Sprite.

23. Culture’s Influence on Eating Although our preferences for sweet and salty foods are genetic and universal, our culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits. Although our preferences for sweet and salty foods are genetic and universal, our culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits. Monkey Stew is a popular dish in some Eastern cultures. This steak would seem repulsive to eat to most Hindus.

24. Culture’s Influence on Eating (disorders) Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out by popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders: Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out by popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders: Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves. Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves. Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting. Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting.

25. Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating Disorders KATE MOSS MARILYN MONROEIDEAL UNTIL 1900’S

26. Anorexia Often Ends In Death

27. Women’s Distorted Ideals of Body Image Thinnest Women’s ideal What women believed men preferred What men actually preferred Women’s current body image Fattest