+ Little-Seen Kingdoms: Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

+ Two Bacteria Kingdoms Prokaryotic organisms – meaning no true membrane bound nucleus and lack many organelles. Archaebacteria make up the smaller of the two kingdoms. Cells walls that lack some special compounds found in eubacteria. Genes that are similar to prokaryotic bacteria More likely to be found in extreme environments Examples: boiling springs, salty lakes, sewage, and intestines of some animals.

+ Two Bacteria Kingdoms Eubacteria contains more familiar organisms Consists of bacteria that decompose most organic matter This kingdom contains many disease- causing organisms Includes cyanobacteria, once called blue-green algae.

+ Characteristics of Bacteria Tiny (average length of about 1 micrometer) Reproduce quickly (given right conditions, can reproduce every 20 minutes!) There could be more than 32,000 after 5 hours!! Within a week, there could be a lump of bacteria that would weigh more than the earth! They require a great amount of food to grow

+ Characteristics of Bacteria They need oxygen to grow rapidly They need for proper conditions limit bacteria growth rate Many bacteria together is called a colony Because of overcrowding in a colony, realistically, colonies do not get much larger than the size of half a pea.

+ What do Bacteria look like? Three basic shapes: Coccus – spherical Spirillium – spiral Bacillus – rod shaped May appear as an individual or be grouped together in different patterns Prefix – “staph” indicates the bacteria are in a cluster Prefix – “strep” describes bacteria arranged end to end in long chains

+ What do Bacteria look like? Prefix – “strepto” means chains of spherical bacteria (strep throat). Some bacteria can move: Flagella – long, threadlike structure that spins like a propeller. Reproduce asexually by binary fission

+ The Importance of Bacteria Bacteria can make us sick Plague, leprosy, strep throat, and food poisoning are caused by bacteria Bacteria are more helpful than harmful. Decompose the waste we produce Used in production of foods such as: yogurt, pickles, and cheese. Used in the production of antibiotics and many chemicals

+ Review Complete Section Review 11A on page 159. Complete Ideas 11A – p. SA103 – Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

+ Little-Seen Kingdoms: Kingdom Protista

+ A very diverse kingdom Species that can move, obtain food, and reproduce in many ways All have nuclei and are unicellular Do not form water-conducting tissue

+ Two Groups of Protists Two general types of organisms: protozoa and algae Protozoa: Animal like protists Move themselves and capture prey Paramecium and amoeba Algae: Plant like protists Perform photosynthesis Unable to move themselves spirogyra

+ Structure and Movement Euglena exhibit traits of both types of protists. Have flagella and can move like protozoa Carry on photosynthesis like algae If a cell can live on its own, apart from a group, it is unicellular If it cannot live on its own, apart from the group, it is multicellular A group of unicellular protists living together, though it is capable of living on its own, is called a colony. In multicellular forms, special groups of cells that perform specific tasks are called tissues

+ Structure and Movement Three general ways protists move: Flagella – whiplike hairs (whipped back and forth) Euglena Cilia – small, hairlike projections (move back and forth like tiny oars) Paramecium Pseudopodia – involves a cell forming a bulge as its cytoplasm flows in one direction, attaches to the surface, and becomes more firm. The bulge anchors and then moves the cell forward. Amoeba

+ Nutrition in Protists Protists eat other protists, bacteria, whatever debris floating their way, and some use energy from sunlight to make their own food. Paramecium – have an oral groove Spirogyra – have no mouth; cells have chloroplasts (make their own food) Euglena – can either produce its own food or pull food into an opening at the base of its flagella. Some have food vacuoles, where food is engulfed.

+ Importance of Protists Are important to lives to other organisms Influence plankton – which are microscopic organisms that float or drift near the ocean’s surface. Plankton is the food source for most of the ocean’s animals Some say, 90% of all food energy in the ocean originates from protists with chloroplasts.

+ Importance of Protists Important diseases and harmful events also caused by protists: Malaria African Sleeping sickness The overpopulation of dinoflagellites cause the ocean water to turn reddish, brown. This is known as a red tide and is deadly to fish.

+ Reproduction in Protists Asexual reproduction Fragmentation – when a filament breaks and through mitotic cell division, each filament forms a new colony where there was only one. Sexual reproduction Conjugation – when filaments exchange contents of the cell.

+ Little-Seen Kingdoms: Kingdom Fungi

+ Characteristics of Fungi There are two typical fungi – Black bread mold An edible mushroom Fungal cells are long filaments called hyphae They are connected end to end May be grouped with others to form larger structures Black bread mold is an example of filamentous hyphae

+ Characteristics of Fungi Another structural similarity – spores Some species produce up to five different types of spores. Spores are involved in reproduction and survive through unfavorable growth conditions. Fungi produce spores in different ways These ways determine how fungi is classified

+ Black Bread Mold More than “fuzzy black stuff” Has three types of hyphae: Rhizoids – rootlike Stolons – spreading Sporangia – spore- bearing

+ The Edible Mushroom The main parts of the edible mushroom: Stalk Cap Gills Made of densely packed hyphae called mycelia In most mushrooms, spores are produced on the tips of special cells on the gills Some mushrooms may not have gills but have a cap with pores on the underside – and in this case, spores are produced within pores.

+ Obtaining Energy Fungi do not have chloroplasts, therefore, they must obtain energy from material around them – but they cannot engulf food. Fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the area around them The enzymes digest the food, and then it is absorbed into the fungal hyphae. If the food is already dead BEFORE the fungus absorbs it, the fungus is called a saprophyte If the food is alive, the fungus is called a parasite

+ Obtaining Energy Some fungi live together with algae in such an intertwined condition that they appear as a single organism called a lichen They obtain energy from living and dead algal cells. The algae receive protection, water, and perhaps some minerals from fungus. When both organisms benefit from living together – it is called a symbiotic relationship.

+ Obtaining Energy Fungi that live in symbiotic association with the roots of plants are called mycorrhizae They absorb minerals from the soil much better than roots can alone In exchange for minerals, the plant provides the fungus with energy-rich sugar molecules. Plants with mycorrhizae usually grow better than identical plants without mycorrhizae

+ Ecological and Economic Importance Fungi affect your life in two major areas: Important members of the natural environment Several multimillion-dollar industries are based on fungi and their byproducts Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in the world. Nutrients released through decomposition are absorbed by plant roots

+ Ecological and Economic Importance Interact with plants in beneficial ways, such as symbiotic mycorrhizae Interact in harmful ways, such as plant diseases Fungi are used in the production of many marketable products: Bluecheese Yeast Harvested cacao beans fertilized by fungus Penicillin – an extract from a mold called Penicillium Cyclosporine – used by organ transplant patients.