1. What is Science?

2. Defining Science:  Science: knowledge gained from the careful, systematic investigation of the natural world  Life Science: the knowledge gained when scientific investigation is applied to living things in the natural world.

3. Thinking Scientifically:  NOT ALL THINKING IS SCIENTIFIC!!!  To be scientific thinking, it must have these characteristics:  Curiosity  Caution  Commitment to certain presuppositions

4. Terms to Know:  Observation – info gained from using one or more of the five senses  Inference – a logical conclusion  Universal Negative – a statement that excludes everything  Value judgment – determination of the worth of something

5. Terms to Know:  Final answer – an answer that is absolutely true and never needs to be rejected  Scientism – those who believe that science is the only way to learn about the world  Worldview – a perspective from which a person interprets life  Presupposition – an idea that a person takes for granted without having convincing proof  Christian worldview – belief that the Bible is the word of God and only reliable thing in the world (most important)

6. Main Teachings of a Christian Worldview:  Creation – God has created everything  Fall – man has fallen into a tragic state because of sin  God is working to redeem the world to himself

7. Why study Life Science?

8. God made living things for HIS glory!  Romans 11:36  Life science…  demonstrate God’s greatness more clearly  Strengthens appreciation for God’s goodness  Shows the Truth of God’s loving care in action

9. Dominion Mandate:  “Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the seas, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” Genesis 1:28  Mankind has a responsibility to govern God’s creation

10. Dominion Mandate:  Life Science is important to the work of the Dominion Mandate  This command however, does not give us permission to abuse what God has made

11. Living things are cursed because of SIN  There are physical and mental effects of the fall  Life is filled with painful struggle  Wrong thinking…

12. God is redeeming this world to Himself  Relieving human suffering  Proclaiming the Gospel  Its time to reclaim Life Science for God’s Glory

13. What do scientists do?

14. So how do you DO science?  Review: What is science?  Scientific Method: an organized way of arriving at a workable solution  In reality – scientist do science in many ways!

15. One process followed in science…  Establish the problem  Form a hypothesis  Test the hypothesis  Classify and analyze data  Choose and verify the answer  Predict outcomes

16. In order to solve problems – must fall within limitations of science:  Observable  Measurable  Repeatable

17. Hypothesis – “an educated guess” - It helps you in designing an experiment or survey - Key Terms: - Data - Survey - Experiment - Experimental variable - Experimental group - Control group

18. Classify the data --- what does it all mean? Choose an answer! (must be verified) Predict outcomes!

19. Why Classify?

20. Benefits to classifying living things  Classify – means to arrange things into groups  Think about the shoes…  Good classification helps by:  Learning about characteristics of individuals and whole group (generalization)  Makes it easier to organize and find information about specific organisms

21. Benefits to classifying living things  Classification today is based on physical characteristics  The modern classification system (Carolus Linnaeus)  Seven basic levels from largest to smallest  Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

22. Scientific Names

23. Why scientific names?  Each scientific name given to one organism  Two-name system  First name – Genus  Second name – species  Genus names capitalized, species – not  Both italicized

24. Why scientific names?  Scientific name usually latinized  The first person to publish a description is usually the one to give its scientific name  Note: Genesis 2:19 – God directs Adam to name organisms…

25. Problems of Classification  Because we are human, mistakes can be made!  Uncertainty in classifying  lack of clear definition or understanding of what is what!  False conclusions  Get the term “related” misunderstood, assuming it means “common ancestor”

26. Problems of Classification  Species and Biblical kinds  Gen 1:11, 24 – God commands all things to reproduce after “their kind”

27. Complete Section Review 2B and 2C  Then begin to work on and complete Ideas 2B, C, D, E

28. 3A – Living Organisms

29. What is Life?  Organism – a complete living thing  Organisms…  Have life spans  Can reproduce  Grow

30. What is Life?  Organisms…  Are made of cells  Cell – tiny unit of living material surrounded by a thin membrane  Made mostly of water and contain organic compounds  Unicellular vs. multicellular  Tissue – a group of similar cells working together  Colonial organisms – organisms made of many cells that usually live together BUT could live by themselves!

31. What is Life?  Organisms…  Require energy  Energy – the ability to do work  Movement requires energy  Respond to their environment  Requires energy to respond to conditions

32. What is Life?  Organisms also have a Physical Life and Spiritual Life  Physical life is part of God’s creative process  A complex organization of nonliving substances that is kept alive by using energy and has characteristics of living things  Life is a condition of being alive (through our understanding of who God is and what He has done!)

33. What is Life?  Spiritual Life  God often describes spiritual life by comparing it to the physical life

34. Warm-up  Open up your interactive notebook to the next two pages.  Title the top of the LEFT page “Bacteria what?” reflection and the date  Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria” and date  Answer the following question on the LEFT page:  What are bacteria? Why are they important?

35. 11A – Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

36. The two Bacteria Kingdom  Archaebacteria – make up the smaller kingdom  Have cell walls that lack special compounds found only in the walls of eubacteria  More likely to be found in extreme environments (springs, salty lakes, sewage, and the intestines of some animals)

37. The two Bacteria Kingdom  Eubacteria – contain more familiar organisms  Responsible for decomposing most organic matter  Kingdom also contains disease-causing organisms  Examples: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

38. Rapid growth rates  Tiny organisms whose average length is about 1 micrometer  With proper conditions – can grow and reproduce every twenty minutes!  A large group of bacteria can be seen without the aid of a microscope  To grow rapidly, bacteria need:  Food  Oxygen  Space

39. Rapid growth rates  Many die due to lack of oxygen or food, or due to the build up of wastes as a result of overcrowding

40. The Body Structure of Bacteria  Three basic shapes: (draw the shapes in your interactive notebook)  Spherical - Coccus  Spiral - Spirillum  Rod-shaped – bacillus  They may appear as individuals or as a group living together  Staph – bacteria arranged in a cluster  Strep – arranged in end to end long chains  Thus Streptococcus (Strep throat) - chains of spherical bacteria

41. The Body Structure of Bacteria  Some bacteria can move!  Flagellum – a long thread-like structure that spins like a propeller  Others reproduce asexually by binary fission  Importance of Bacteria –  They can make us sick (plague, leprosy, strep throat, food poisoning)  BUT they are actually more helpful than harmful!  Decomposers, food (yogurt, pickles, cheese), and antibiotics and other chemicals!

42. Warm-up  Open up your interactive notebook to the next two pages.  Title the top of the LEFT page “Protists what?” reflection and the date (8/31/10)  Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom Protista” and date (8/31/10)  Fill out the self evaluation sheet on your desk about how you participated in your group project.  Go ahead and finish Ideas 11A and section review 11A – you have 15 minutes to finish and then we will grade it!  THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT ASSIGNMENT!

43. 11B – Kingdom Protista

44. Protists  A very diverse kingdom  They can move, reproduce, get food  All have nuclei and are unicellular  Two groups:  Protozoa (animal-like)  Can move themselves and capture prey  Example: Paramecium and amoeba  Algae (plant-like)  Perform photosynthesis  Unable to move themselves  Example: Spirogyra

45. Protists  Euglena – characteristics of both – can move AND perform photosynthesis  Structure and movement  Unicellular – if can live by itself  Multicellular – cannot live alone  Colony – a group of unicellular protists living together, but can live alone

46. Protists  Three ways protists move  Flagella – whiplike hairs (Euglena)  Cilia – small hairlike projections (Paramecium)  Pseudopodia – forming a bulge; “false foot” (Amoeba)  Look at handout on Protists  Nutrition  Eat other protists, bacteria, debris, or use energy to make their own food

47. Protists  Paramecium – oral groove  Euglena – photosynthesis  Food vacuoles  Importance of Protists  Involvement in ocean’s plankton  Some scientists estimate that 90% of all food energy in the ocean originated from protists with chloroplasts  Diseases and harmful events caused by protists:  Malaria  African sleeping sickness  Red tide

48. Protists  Reproduction in Protists  Asexually by mitotic cell division  Fragmentation – of colonies  Conjugation  Cell division

49. Warm-up  Open up your interactive notebook to the next two pages.  Title the top of the LEFT page “Fungi what?” reflection and the date (9/2/10)  Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom Fungi” and date (9/2/10)

50. Warm-up  On the “Fungi What?” page (Left) you will observe various mushrooms and you will  Write down and describe what you see.  Draw what you see.

51. 11C – Kingdom Fungi

52. Structural Characteristics of Fungi  Two common types of fungi – black bread mold and the edible mushroom  Hyphae – long filaments of fungal cells  Black bread mold – example of filamentous hyphae  Stalk of mushroom – example of hyphae grouped together

53. Structural Characteristics of Fungi  All fungi produce spores  Spores are involved in reproduction and survive through unfavorable growth conditions  Black Bread mold has 3 types of hyphae:  Rootlike (rhizoids)  Spreading (stolons)  Spore-bearing (sporangia)

54. Structural Characteristics of Fungi  The main parts of the edible mushroom:  Stalk  Cap  Gills  Mycelia – densely packed hyphae  Label the diagram in your handouts  YOU WILL NEED TO BE ABLE TO LABEL THIS ON YOUR TEST!!

55. Warm-up  FINISH LABELING YOUR MUSHROOM AND BLACK MOLD DIAGRAM!

56. Obtaining Energy  Fungi DO NOT have chloroplasts  They get energy from material around them  They secrete digestive enzymes into the area around them  Saprophyte – if the food is already dead before the fungus absorbs it  Parasite – if the food is alive before absorbing

57. Obtaining Energy  Lichen – Fungi living together with algae  Symbiotic – When both species benefit from each other from living together  Mycorrhizae – Fungi living in symbiotic association with the roots of plants

58. Ecological and Economical Importance  Important members of the natural environment  Many industries are based on fungi and their by-products  Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in the world  They also interact with plants in beneficial and harmful ways  Blue cheese, yeast, Penicillin