1. Section 3.3 Fungus Kingdom

2. Basic Characteristics
Cells are eukaryotic
All cells are surrounded by a cell wall containing chitin, not cellulose like plants
Most are multicellular (yeast are single-celled)
Reproduction is sexual and asexual, by producing spores
They are heterotrophs
Many are stationary and anchored in the soil, but without true roots

3. Some fungi are decomposers and recyclers.
Other fungi cause disease. (eg. Some moulds)
Some are parasitic (eg. Wheat rust)
Some form mutualistic relationships

4. Bread Mould, Yeast, Mushrooms

5. FUNGI Some fungi are decomposers and recyclers.
Other fungi cause disease. (eg. Some moulds)
Some are parasitic (eg. Wheat rust)
Some form symbiotic relationships (a relationship where both organisms benefit).

6. Fungal Structures
They have eukaryotic cells that DO NOT have chloroplasts
Fungi have two major components: fruiting body and the mycelium
Fruiting body is the
spore producing
reproductive structure

7. (b) Mycelium is a branched, net-like mass
- it is made up of hyphae, a thin threadlike filament
-The hyphae grow in and around a food source, secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients

9. Growth Cells grow at the tips only
This allows them to colonize dead or living organic matter

10. Nutrition
All fungi are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients from other organisms
They obtain this nutrition by extra-cellular digestion THEN absorption; not by ingestion (like us)

11. There are four types of nutrition:
Parasitic
Predatory
Mutualistic
Saprobial
Refer to pg 106 – find an example and describe what they do!

12. Reproduction Type I: Using Spores
Fungi reproduce by spores, which are single cells surrounded by a wall
Spores are carried by air currents to new sources where they give rise to new hypha
Asexual reproduction: fungi produce spores by mitosis
Sexual reproduction: fungi produce spores by meiosis

13. Type II: No Spores
Without spores, fungi reproduce only asexually
Budding (usually unicellular)– where the smaller cell develops while attached to the parent cell, then eventually pinches off.
(ex. Yeast)
(b) Fragmentation (usually eukaryotic) – where a piece of the pmycelium breaks and forms a new fungus

14. Five Phyla of Fungi
They are grouped based on reproduction and the structure of their fruiting body made

15. Phylum Deuteromycota Do not reproduce sexually
That is the only thing all species in this phylum have in common!
Very diverse
Ex. Peniciilium – makes pencillin

16. Phylum Zygomycota
Most in this division are multicellular and terrestrial
Hyphae break into the food source, and are then termed rhizoids
Rhizoids draw water and sugar from the bread (or food source) thus allowing the mould to grow further
After a few days, case-like structure called sporangia appear
Each sporangia can produce several thousand spores

17. Example: bread mould (Rhizopus)

18. Zygomycota Cont’d
When the sporangia break open, the spores are carried by the air to allow colonization of new areas.
Under less favourable conditions, zygomycotes reproduce sexually
Two hyphae form, which conjugate and produce a zygospore
Zygospores stay dormant until growing conditions are correct

20. Phylum Ascomycota They produce saclike structures for reproduction
Spores produced by sexual reproduction in these are termed ascospores, and are produced in a sac called an ascus.
Examples: mildew, some moulds, some yeasts
Recall: yeast reproduce via budding, which falls under this type of reproduction (pg108)

21. Phylum Chytridomycota
They are the only fungi with swimming spores (with flagella)
Most of them are saprophytes which means they obtain nutrients from dead organic matter.

22. Phylum Basidiomycota
Under damp conditions, the mycelial mass form knobs which absorb water and grow quite large.
These knobs become spore bearing structures and appear as caps.
The caps have gills that have thousands of reproductive cells called basidia.
Each basidium has several thousand spores.
Examples: mushrooms, rusts, and puffballs

24. Homework
What are lichens? (pg 109)
Pg 110 #5, 6, 12, 14, 15