Kingdom Plantae
General Characteristics Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that carry out photosynthesis Cell walls contain cellulose Plants develop from embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant Includes mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations One generation is haploid and the other is diploid Called the gametophyte and sporophyte generations Pg.435, fig. 13.28
Non-Vascular Plants Lack true roots, stems and leaves and do not have specialized tissues to transport materials throughout the plant. Bryophytes: mosses, liverworts and hornworts
Vascular Plants Tracheophytes Conducting tissues Xylem and Phloem, allows plants to grow much taller. Spore producing vascular plants. Seed producing vascular plants.
Spore-Producing Vascular Plants Need water to complete life cycle Club mosses and Horsetails Most primitive tracheophytes Ferns (p.438) More widespred Fronds contain sporangia which contain spores
Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Most successful plants on Earth Two main groups: cones and flowers Sexual reproduction occurs by pollination Do not need water to compete life cycle
Gymnosperms Conifers, gnetae, ginkgos and cycads (p.439) Cones: specialized reproductive structures Male (pollen cone) and female (seed) cones
Angiosperms Flowering plants Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and pollination Seeds are contained in a protective wall which develops into a fruit
Angiosperm Life Cycle Most successful plants on Earth Using flowers as reproductive structures frees the need for water Ingenious seed dispersal methods Well protected seeds
The Flower Defining reproductive structure
Pollination Angiosperms have developed amazing variety of methods to transfer pollen from one flower to another. Self-pollination: pollen from the same plant fertilizes an egg cell Cross-pollination: more common. Pollen is transferred from one plant to another of the same species by wind, water or animals. Flowers are adapted to specific methods of pollination
Fertilization Pg. 442