Carbohydrate By: Chris Thompson

Thesis Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. Every living thing has carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are called carbohydrates because the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen they contain are generally in proportion to form water with the general formula Cn (H2O)n.

Introduction This PowerPoint will be talking about carbohydrates. It will be telling you about the main types of carbohydrates. It will be talking about the main function of carbohydrates. It will also be talking about what food you will eats to receive carbohydrates.

Function There are four major classes of biomolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are the most abundant of the four. Carbohydrates have several roles in living organisms, including energy transportation, as well as being structural components of plants and arthropods. Carbohydrate derivates are actively involved in fertilization, immune systems, the development of disease, blood clotting and development.

Monosaccharide Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates. They are aldehydes or ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups. The general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (CH2O)n, literally a "carbon hydrate." Monosaccharides are important fuel molecules as well as building blocks for nucleic acids. The smallest monosaccharides, for which n = 3, are dihydroxyacetone and D- and L- glyceraldehydes.

Monosaccharide

Monosachrides

Disaccharides The sugar molecules listed in Fig. 1 are usually referred to as monosaccharides. This distinguishes them from the disaccharides which are made up by condensing two sugar units.

Disaccharides A familiar example of a disaccharide is ordinary cane sugar, sucrose, which may be obtained by condensing a molecule of α-glucose with one of the cyclic forms of fructose called β-fructose. The structure of sucrose is shown below:

Disaccharides Other, less familiar, examples of disaccharides are lactose, which occurs in milk, and maltose, which are shown in Fig. 3. In order to digest a disaccharide like sucrose or lactose, the human body must have an enzyme which can catalyze hydrolysis of the linkage between the two monosaccharide units. Many Asians, Africans, and American Indians are incapable of synthesizing lactase, the enzyme that speeds hydrolysis of lactose. If such persons drink milk, the undigested lactose makes them sick.enzyme hydrolysis

Disaccharides A disaccharide is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides form an aqueous solution when dissolved in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. 'Disaccharide' is one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates (monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide).

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water. When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are called heteropolysaccharides or heteroglycans. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin

Polysacrides 3D structure of cellulose, a beta-glucan polysaccharide.cellulosebeta-glucan

Polysaccrides