1. AP Biology 2005-2006 Chapter 5. Macromolecules

2. AP Biology 2005-2006 Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids

3. AP Biology 2005-2006 Polymers  Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units  polymers  monomers = repeated small units  covalent bonds

4. AP Biology 2005-2006 How to build a polymer  Condensation reaction  dehydration synthesis  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  1 monomer provides OH  the other monomer provides H  together these form H 2 O  requires energy & enzymes

5. AP Biology 2005-2006 How to break down a polymer  Hydrolysis  use H 2 O to break apart monomers  reverse of condensation reaction  H 2 O is split into H and OH  H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be  ex: digestion is hydrolysis

6. AP Biology 2005-2006 Carbohydrates

7. AP Biology 2005-2006 Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars & starches

8. AP Biology 2005-2006 Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

9. AP Biology 2005-2006 What functional groups? carbonyl ketone aldehyde hydroxyl

10. AP Biology 2005-2006 Sugar structure  5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions  in cells! Carbons are numbered

11. AP Biology 2005-2006 Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O

12. AP Biology 2005-2006 Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch

13. AP Biology 2005-2006 Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | glucose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose

14. AP Biology 2005-2006 Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | sucrose structural isomers

15. AP Biology 2005-2006 Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars  costs little energy to build  easily reversible = release energy  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  building materials = structure  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

16. AP Biology 2005-2006 Branched vs linear polysaccharides

17. AP Biology 2005-2006 Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function  isomers of glucose  How does structure influence function…

18. AP Biology 2005-2006 Digesting starch vs. cellulose

19. AP Biology 2005-2006 Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

20. AP Biology 2005-2006 Cellulose  Most abundant organic compound on Earth

21. AP Biology 2005-2006 Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple  rice cakes  corn flakes  bagel  peanut M&M

22. AP Biology 2005-2006 Glycemic index  Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels  Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic indices. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

23. AP Biology 2005-2006 Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple36  rice cakes82  corn flakes84  bagel72  peanut M&M33