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Macromolecules: Large Carbon Compounds

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Presentation on theme: "Macromolecules: Large Carbon Compounds"— Presentation transcript:

1 Macromolecules: Large Carbon Compounds
Introduction and Carbohydrates

2 Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down

3 Organic vs inorganic All living organisms are composed primarily of carbon atoms Organic compounds = contain Carbon Inorganic compounds = do not contain Carbon

4 Carbon bonding Carbon can form large complex molecules
Readily bonds with other carbon atoms to form Straight chains Branched chains rings

5 Macromolecules Large compounds of multiple smaller molecules of carbon are called Macromolecules Monomers: small, simple molecules of carbon Polymers: a large molecule that consists of repeated, linked units Monomers link together to form polymers There are many types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

6 Chemical reactions Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis:
Monomers link to form polymers Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken down into their monomer parts

7 CHAPTER 3 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
“You are what you eat!”

8 Objectives Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules

9 Shoulder Partners

10 What is a MACROmolecule?
A Large molecule with a complex structure A polymer built from monomers Macromolecule “little” molecule

11 Mono - mer One Part The “building blocks” of polymers A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

12 Poly - mer Many Parts A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

13 Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers
Carbohydrate Proteins Nucleic acids

14 Polar Bears Explain to your penguins the connection between a monomer and a polymer

15 EXAMPLES What do all these pictures have in common? They are large, complex structures that were all built by small “monomers” or building blocks called Legos.

16 Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers
Penguins Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers What do all these pictures have in common? They are large, complex structures that were all built by small “monomers” or building blocks called Legos.

17 condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis (removal of water)
How are Polymers made? How do monomers bind to form polymers? condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis (removal of water)

18 How do polymers break down?
Hydrolysis reaction Hydro – lysis Water is added to break the bonds that hold the polymer together. To Break Water

19 Hydrolysis

20 Think – Pair – Share Together
Why would polymers need to be “broken down”?

21 Classes of Organic Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

22 CARBOHYDRATES

23 Carbo - hydrate Monomer Monosaccharide
Carbon CH2O Water Monomer Monosaccharide (“mono” = one; “saccharide” = sugar) Polymers Disaccharides (di = two) Polysaccharides (poly = many)

24 Polar Bears Tell your penguin some functions of carbohydrates

25 Functions of Carbohydrates in living things:
Major fuel/energy source Energy storage Can be used as raw materials for other Macromolecules Structural/building material in plants

26 Structure of Monosaccharides
Contain only C, H, O All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n

27 In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

28 Structure of Disaccharides
Consists of two monosaccharides The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage (bond)

29 Polar Bears What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the monosaccharides to become a disaccharide? Dehydration synthesis

30

31 Build a Carbohydrate Create a disaccharide sugar. Glucose Glucose

32 Penguins Tell your polar bear how to make a dissacharide into a trisaccharide. H20 H20

33 Polar Bears Tell your penguin how to break down a dissacharide.

34 Polysaccharides Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides. Functions: energy storage molecules structural support

35 Examples of Carbs:

36 Starch - plant storage form for energy
easily broken down into glucose units

37 Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made of glucose monomers
used in plant cell walls

38 Why is Cellulose so strong?
Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong material that’s difficult to break!

39

40 Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of energy
Glucose monomers

41 Penguins What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the monomers can be used for fuel? Hydrolysis

42 Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls.

43 Draw a Carbohydrate Draw a polysaccharide sugar.
Be sure to draw water molecules leaving the bond to represent condensation reaction.

44 Standards Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules Objectives

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