1. Carbohydrates

2. Polymer Principles
Polymers are made up of smaller parts called monomers.
Four classes of macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Polymers are formed through condensation reactions.
Polymers are broken apart through a hydrolysis reaction.

4. General Information about Carbohydrates
Often end in “-ose”
“Carbo”-contains carbon
“Hydrate”-hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same proportions as in water

5. What Are Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrate composition
Made of C, H, and O in the ratio of 1:2:1
Construction
Simple or single sugars are monosaccharides
Two linked monosaccharides are disaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides are polysaccharides

6. Monosaccharides One sugar unit – are the simplest carbohydrates
They are characterized by sweet taste
They have several polar -OH groups, so they dissolve in water

7. IB Example: RIBOSE Monosaccharides with a 5 carbon backbones
Ribose (and deoxyribose) are the building blocks for nucleic acids.

8. Build ribose with the model kit
Carbon – black
Oxygen – red
Nitrogen - blue
Hydrogen - white
Determine the molecular formula of ribose
Stamp when complete

9. IB EXAMPLE: GLUCOSE Monosaccharide with a 6 carbon backbone
One of the products of photosynthesis.
In animals and fungi, glucose is the result of the breakdown of glycogen. In plants the breakdown substrate is starch.
In animals, glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys
Glucose is needed for ATP synthesis during cellular respiration

10. Build glucose with the model kit
Carbon – black
Oxygen – blue
Red – nitrogen
White – hydrogen
Determine the molecular formula
Stamp when complete
Do not break apart!

11. EXAMPLE: FRUCTOSE Monosaccharide with a 6 carbon backbone
Found in fruits and honey.
It is classified as the sweetest of all the sugars.

12. Build fructose with the model kit
Carbon – black
Oxygen – blue
Red – nitrogen
White – hydrogen
Determine the molecular formula
Stamp when complete
Do not break apart!

13. Glucose and fructose
have the same chemical
formula C6H12O6 but
different structural
arrangement of the
atoms

14. Disaccharides – two sugar units bonded together

15. Disaccharides are formed in condensation reactions

16. Maltose (two glucose units) is present in germinating seeds.

17. Build maltose with the model kit
Carbon – black
Oxygen – blue
Red – nitrogen
White – hydrogen
Use your previously made glucose and fructose
Determine the molecular formula
Stamp when complete
Break apart!

18. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) is a transport form of sugar used by plants and harvested by humans for food.

19. Sucrose

20. Lactose (glucose and galactose) is present in milk

21. Figure 5.5x Glucose monomer and disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose

22. Complex carbohydrates: the polysaccharides
A polysaccharide is a straight or branched chain of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers.

23. Storage polysaccharides
Starch (polymer of glucose)
PLANTS
Formed in roots and seeds as a form of glucose storage
Glycogen (polymer of glucose)
ANIMALS Found in liver and muscles

24. FIGURE 3-8 Starch is an energy-storage polysaccharide made of glucose subunits
(a) Starch globules inside individual potato cells. Most plants synthesize starch, which forms water-insoluble globules consisting of many starch molecules. (b) A small section of a single starch molecule, which occurs as branched chains of up to half a million glucose subunits. (c) The precise structure of the blue highlighted portion of the starch molecule in (b). Notice the linkage between the individual glucose subunits for comparison with cellulose (see Fig. 3-9).

25. FIGURE 3-8 (part 1) Starch is an energy-storage polysaccharide made of glucose subunits
(a) Starch globules inside individual potato cells. Most plants synthesize starch, which forms water-insoluble globules consisting of many starch molecules. (b) A small section of a single starch molecule, which occurs as branched chains of up to half a million glucose subunits. (c) The precise structure of the blue highlighted portion of the starch molecule in (b). Notice the linkage between the individual glucose subunits for comparison with cellulose (see Fig. 3-9).

26. FIGURE 3-8 (part 2) Starch is an energy-storage polysaccharide made of glucose subunits
(a) Starch globules inside individual potato cells. Most plants synthesize starch, which forms water-insoluble globules consisting of many starch molecules. (b) A small section of a single starch molecule, which occurs as branched chains of up to half a million glucose subunits. (c) The precise structure of the blue highlighted portion of the starch molecule in (b). Notice the linkage between the individual glucose subunits for comparison with cellulose (see Fig. 3-9).

27. Build starch with the model kit
With a neighboring row, construct part of a starch molecule by joining four glucose molecule.
Carbon – black
Oxygen – blue
Red – nitrogen
White – hydrogen
Stamp when complete
Break apart!

28. Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose (polymer of glucose)
Found in the cell walls of plants
Indigestible for most animals due to orientation of bonds between glucoses
Chitin (polymer of modified glucose units)
Found in the outer coverings of insects, crabs, and spiders
Found in the cell walls of many fungi

29. FIGURE 3-9 Cellulose structure and function
Cellulose can be incredibly tough. (a) Wood in this 3000-year-old bristlecone pine is primarily cellulose. (b) Cellulose forms the cell wall that surrounds each plant cell. (c) Plant cell walls often consist of cellulose fibers in layers that run at angles to each other and resist tearing in both directions. (d) Cellulose is composed of glucose subunits. Compare this structure with Fig. 3-8c and notice that every other glucose molecule in cellulose is "upside down."

30. FIGURE 3-10 Chitin: A unique polysaccharide
Chitin has the same bonding configuration of glucose molecules as cellulose does. In chitin, however, the glucose subunits have a nitrogen-containing functional group (yellow) instead of a hydroxyl group. Tough, flexible chitin supports the otherwise soft bodies of arthropods (insects, spiders, and their relatives) and certain fungi, such as this mushroom.