4 groups of organic compounds found in living things

4 Groups of Organic Compounds Found in Living Things “Organic” Compounds – Organic means “contains Carbon”

“Biomolecules” = large organic compounds –Built by bonding small molecules together to form chains called “polymers” –Formed by a chemical reaction called “condensation”

Condensation H OH H20H20 H20H20 H20H20 “lysis” = split apart HOW TO BUILD A LARGER MOLECULE BY COMBINING SMALLER MOLECULES. HOW TO BREAK DOWN A LARGER MOLECULE INTO SMALLER MOLECULES. Hydrolysis

ISOMER = Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different 3D structure Chemical formula H 2 0 3D Structure H H O

ISOMER = Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different 3D structure Chemical formula C 6 H = glucose C 6 H = fructose 3D Structure O OH HO OH CH 2 OH O HOCH 2 OH CH 2 OH Slide 4 of 4

CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 1 of 2) Made up of C, H, & O Main source of energy Used for structural purposes in plants (cellulose)

CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 2 of 3) SIMPLEST = single sugar molecules = “monosaccharide” –Example: glucose, fructose glucose Monosaccharide fructose Monosaccharide Disaccharide sucrose H20H20 Think of each monosaccharide as a lego piece. A disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 3 of 3) LARGEST = “polysaccharide” –Example: starch, fiber, cellulose, glycogen Polysaccharide A polysaccharide is made up of many monosaccharides.

Lipids (Slide 1 of 3) Aka “fats” Made up of mostly C & H Ex: fats, oils, waxes, steroids Used to store energy (insulation, too) Part of the cell membrane and waterproof covering ALL are INSOLUBLE in water because they are NON POLAR

Lipids (Slide 2 of 3) CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 Long chain of CH is called “fatty acid chain” Example: lard = maximum # of H + atoms CH 2 - O – CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH = CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 “double bond” Example: olive oil = at least 1 C = C (carbon-carbon double bond)

Lipids (Slide 3 of 3) CH 2 -CH = CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH = CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH = CH 2 -CH 2 “double bond” Example: cooking oil = more than one C = C (carbon-carbon double bond) “double bond”

Nucleic Acids (slide 1 of 3) They contain C, H, O, N, P Nucleic Acids = polymers (made up of nucleotides) nucleotide NNN “Nucleic Acid” monomer

Nucleic Acids (slide 2 of 3) 3 parts of a nucleotide A) 5 carbon sugar B) Phosphate group C) Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids (slide 3 of 3) Store and transmit hereditary (genetic info) 2 types –DNA sugar = deoxyribose –RNAsugar = ribose

Proteins (slide 1 of 3) Contain C, H, O, N and some S Basic building block = Amino acid (AA) Peptide bond

Proteins (slide 2 of 3) 3 parts of an amino acid –amino acid (-NH2) –carboxyl group (-COOH) –R group (always different)

Protein (slide 3 of 3) Each protein has a specific role –Control rate of reaction –Regulate cell processes –Form bones and muscles –Transport substances in/out of cell Example: “enzymes” = “proteins” that change rate of reaction, increase pH and temperature