Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

James I Divine Right of Kings –Expected to rule with minimum consultation Religious Issues –Puritans wanted to eliminate religious ceremonies and have a more representative Presbyterian form – similar to those of Calvinist Churches –Religious dissenters began to leave England Founding new locations in America

James I Scandals and Problems –Governed by favorites and one of the favored men was rumored to be his lover –Gave titles to the highest bidders – this only served to aggravate the nobility because it cheapened their rank –Signed a peace treaty with Spain James’ followers saw this as a sign that he sided with the Catholics He also tried to arrange a marriage between his son and a Spanish Princess – didn’t work but...

Charles I Like father like son –Brought about new taxes and imprisoned people who could not afford to pay Petition of Right –Should be no forced loans or taxation without Parliament’s consent –No freeman should be imprisoned with due cause Charles dissolved Parliament in 1628 and they did not recall until 1640

Charles I Years of Personal Rule –Charles made peace with France and Spain Scared the people because they felt Charles was becoming too friendly with Catholics (just like his daddy) –Charles wanted to impose religious conformity in England and Scotland Tried to use the English Episcopal system and a prayer book that was identical to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer Scotland rebelled and Charles went to Parliament to get money – Parliament refused to meet unless their concerns were addressed – they only met for one month

Charles I The Long Parliament and Civil War –Landowners and the merchant classes resented the King’s financial measures –Puritans resented the King’s religious policies –Compromise Parliament declared that no more than three years should go by without meeting and the king could not dissolve Parliament Religious debate was put on hold due to some unhappy Scots

Charles I Unhappy Scots –Charles asked Parliament for money to fund an army but Parliament did not trust Charles with an army and they wanted the commander in chief to be Parliament –Charles got mad and left London to raise an army so Parliament passed the Militia Ordinance Parliament was given authority to raise an army Civil War ( ) –King’s supporters = Cavaliers –Parliamentary = Roundheads

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic Parliament’s Victory –Alliance with Scotland that allowed a Presbyterian system of church government –Reorganization of the Parliamentary Army under Oliver Cromwell Willing to tolerate an established majority church but only if Protestant dissenters could worship outside of the church

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic Sympathetic to the Monarchy – Cromwell had you thrown out of Parliament Cromwell put Charles on trial where he was found guilty of being a public criminal and was later executed Got rid of the monarchy, House of Lords, and the Anglican church so that he could rule indefinitely

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic England became a Puritan Republic (Cromwell dominated it) –His army conquered Scotland and Ireland and they carried out atrocities against the Irish Catholics –Cromwell disbanded Parliament and ruled as Lord Protector –The reign of Cromwell ended when he died and Charles II took over

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy England returned to a Parliament of Lords and commons that only met when the king summoned them Charles II wanted to allow Catholics and Puritans to worship freely but people were still suspicious of each other

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy Treaty of Dover –England and France formally allied themselves against the Dutch (fierce commercial competitor) –Charles swore that he would convert to Catholicism as soon as he could (he needed the French to be on his side) and in return Louis XIV would pay him quite a bit of money Did not until he was on his death bed

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy Declaration of Indulgence – suspended all laws against Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants Test Act – all civil and military officials of the crown had to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation No loyal Catholic could honestly do this In other words you must pledge that your country and leader come BEFORE God

The Glorious Revolution James II –Repealed the Test Act –Appointed Catholics to high positions in the court and army –Imprisoned Anglican bishops who had refused to publicize his suspensions of laws against Catholics Questions of Heir to the Throne –English wanted Mary (protestant) –James II wife gave birth to a son who now the Catholic Heir

The Glorious Revolution Parliament gets involved –Invited William of Orange to invade and preserve traditional liberties (Anglican Church and Parliament) Invaded but was met with excitement and happiness English people proclaimed that William and Mary were the new monarchs –Glorious Revolution – no blood was shed in the passing of the crown

The Glorious Revolution William and Mary –Bill of Rights Limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed civil of leaders England’s monarchs would be subject to law and would rule by the consent of parliament Parliament would meet every three years Prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English Throne

Writing Assignment Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper –What is a leader and how should a person lead –Analyze the leaders – Elizabeth or Louis XIV in terms of good and bad