Foundations of Civilization Foundations of Civilization Lesson # 1

Foundations of Civilization Objective and Bell Ringer ◦Bell Ringer: What are the factors of migration? Objective: Analyze the causes that led to nomadic people becoming settled people Homework: World History Class: Read Chapter 1 in Human Legacy textbook (use Human Legacy link). Complete guided notes as you read. Honors World History: Read Chapter 1 in Human Legacy textbook (use Human Legacy link) and complete Cornell Notes as you read. 12:00

SAT Prep Question Which of the following was characteristic of the physical environments of early river-valley civilizations in the Near East? (A) Cool summer temperatures encouraged the production of grain crops. (B) Tropical forests along the riverbanks provided the population with most of its food. (C) The rivers maintained a steady flow year-round, fed by melting mountain glaciers. (D) The rivers flowed through deep mountain valleys, which sheltered early civilizations. (E) Rainfall was low, requiring irrigation of crops with river water.

SAT Prep Question Which of the following was characteristic of the physical environments of early river-valley civilizations in the Near East? (A) Cool summer temperatures encouraged the production of grain crops. (B) Tropical forests along the riverbanks provided the population with most of its food. (C) The rivers maintained a steady flow year-round, fed by melting mountain glaciers. (D) The rivers flowed through deep mountain valleys, which sheltered early civilizations. (E) Rainfall was low, requiring irrigation of crops with river water.

Housekeeping Tutorial is offered every Tuesday from 2:30-3:30pm. ◦If you come for 5 minutes, you are staying for the entire hour ◦Good idea if you are struggling to keep up, stay organized, or just need a quiet place to do homework

Opening Activity What do you need to achieve “self actualization” – or a happy state of being? Write 5 things in a list. Place them in order of importance. Leave space in between each element.

Opening Activity Your list should be in order by ◦At the bottom, put the most basic things a person needs to survive ◦At the top, put the things that will lead a person to be the happiest, self-actualized person ◦Fill in the 3 spaces between in the order you think they are achieved Let’s see how you did…

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Agriculture Changes Society Turn to p. 24 in your textbook In your notebook ◦Identify three characteristics of the geography of this region. ◦Where are the four river valley civilizations located? ◦Why did early civilizations develop in the area known as the Fertile Crescent?

What about a civilization? Think about a civilization In your notebook ◦List three things a civilization needs to exist. ◦Think about it in terms of most basic needs to what our civilization has that makes us operate!

What about a civilization? Culture Infrastructure, government Geographical features, resources, people

Fertile Crescent

Complete the graphic organizer below as we go through notes… Agriculture Describe what it is and how it began Changes to Society Identify 5 ways that agriculture changed society Civilization List 3 early civilizations What 3 characteristics did early civilizations possess?

Agriculture Originally, people were nomadic When the last Ice Age ended… ◦New plants appeared ◦People learned how to farm  Irrigation Animals became domesticated ◦Used for meat, milk, wool ◦The early things needed to reach self- actualization

Changes to society Nomads began to settle Could now farm and work together Trade emerges Between people farming, making clothes, and doing labor for other tasks Social classes emerge Men did more physical labor than women and therefore had more power Religion became formal People worshipped animals and the elements Competiti on for resources Leads to conflict and war

Changes to Society Cities develop Farmers with excess food sell for a profit If all the people can be fed (no more starvation), population grows

Civilizations Tigris-Euphrates Rivers in Southwest Asia Nile River in Africa Indus River in South Asia Yellow River

Putting it all together… From nomads to farmers ◦Innovations and inventionsInnovations and inventions

Civilizations Cities ◦Had politics, economics and culture to distinguish between themselves Organized governments ◦Formed in response to needs ◦Establish systems of justice Formalized religion ◦Wanted to gain favor of the gods Cultural advancements ◦Math ◦Alphabet and writing

Early Man Guided Notes Use your guided notes entitled “Early Man” to take notes on the next slides.

Prehistory The period before writing was developed

Archaeology the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind

Anthropology the study of human life and culture

Fossil a remnant or impression of an organism from a past geologic age that has been preserved in the Earth’s crust

Artifact items left behind by early people Examples would be tools, pottery, paintings, weapons

Primary Source A firsthand or eyewitness account of an event

Secondary Source A secondhand account about an event that is based on what someone else has experienced

HOMINIDS Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

Hominids Humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

Australopithecines Appeared about 4-5 million years ago Found in Africa Stood upright and walked on two legs Brain was one-third the size of humans today

Homo habilis Appeared about 2.4 million years ago Found in Africa Learned to make and use crude stone tools Brain was half the size of humans today

Homo erectus Appeared about million years ago Started out in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia – first hominid to leave Africa Learned to control fire

Neanderthals Appeared 200,000 – 30,000 years ago Found in Europe and Southwest Asia First early people to bury their dead Died out, possibly due to a conflict with the Homo sapiens sapiens

Cro-Magnons Appeared about 40,000 years ago Made finely crafted tools and cave art

Homo sapiens sapiens Appeared 200,000 – 150,000 years ago First anatomically modern humans Started to spread outside of Africa about 100,000 years ago All humans today belong to this subspecies Name means “wise, wise human being”

Spread of the Hominids Started out in Africa and migrated around the world Moved from Africa to the Middle East (Southwest Asia), then to Asia and Australia, next up was Europe and northern Asia (colder) –This was aided by the use of fire Finally people arrived in the Americas, probably by crossing a land bridge in the Bering Strait By 9000 BC humans had spread to six continents

THE STONE AGE Paleolithic Age, the Neolithic Age, and the Neolithic Revolution

Paleolithic Age Known as the Old Stone Age, lasted from 2.5 million – 10,000 BC –Named because people used simple stone tools People were hunter-gatherers who hunted, fished, and gathered wild plants for food People also lived as nomads, moving around from place to place to follow animal migrations and vegetation cycles

Lived in small bands and relied on resources around them to survive Both men and women were responsible for obtaining food, which made them equal Used fire to adapt to the environment An important development was the use of technology Technology = the application of knowledge, tools, and materials to make life easier

Neolithic Revolution A shift from hunting and gathering to farming and the domestication of animals –This was one of the most important developments in human history and changed how people lived People experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm gradually over a long period of time

Happened around 10,000 years ago when people experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm gradually over a long period of time With the development of farming, people began to practice domestication Domestication = adaptation for human use, such as animals and plants The world population grew significantly The growing of crops meant that people had greater control over their environment and could now settle in one place and formed permanent settlements

FOUR RIVER VALLEYS Nile River = Egypt Tigris and Euphrates Rivers = Mesopotamia –Also known as the Fertile Crescent Indus River = India Huang-He River = China

CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION

Rise of Developed Cities – Cities served as: political and economic centers for surrounding areas – Major cities emerged in: river valleys

Organized Government – Different types of government = theocracy and monarchy Theocracy = a gov’t ruled by religious leaders who claim God’s authority Monarchy = gov’t by a king or queen

Stone Age Paleolithic and Neolithic Revolutions Horrible Histories

Exit Ticket Write a 5 sentence paragraph describing how agriculture has led to religion. Use the graphic organizer and notes from class to help.