1. Chapter 1- The First Civilizations and Empires- Prehistory- A.D. 500 1.1- The First Humans
Before History
Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age
The Neolithic Revolution
The Emergence of Civilization

2. Before History prehistory the period before history
the period for which we have no written records
circa 2,500,000 Y.A. to 4,000 B.C.

3. Before History archaeologists and anthropologists
scientifically analyze human remains to study the development of early human beings

4. Before History
hominids- humans and other human-like creatures that walk upright

5. Before History australopithecines earliest human-like beings
lived in Africa 3 to 4 million years ago
they were the first hominids to make stone tools

6. Before History Homo erectus-“upright human being”
the next stage of human development
dates from about 1.5 million years ago
used larger and more varied tools than the first hominids

7. Before History Homo sapiens “wise human being”
emerged around 250,000 years ago

8. Before History Two subgroups developed from Homo sapiens: Neanderthals
lived in Europe and Southwest Asia and died out by 30,000 B.C.
Homo sapiens sapiens
the first group that looked like modern humans
appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago
could be found throughout the world by 10,000 B.C.
All humans today belong to this subgroup of Homo sapiens

9. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age
A basic distinguishing feature of human beings is their ability to make and use tools
early tools were made of stone
the term Paleolithic Age (“old stone”) refers to the earliest period of human history
The Paleolithic Age lasted from about 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C

10. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age
Early humans survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food
eventually learned
to make more sophisticated tools
how to use fire
how to change their physical environment

11. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age
Paleolithic peoples were primarily nomads, people who move from place to place
Even so, they created a human culture that included sophisticated cave paintings

13. The Neolithic Revolution
Human survival depends on the systematic growing and storing of food
an accomplishment of the people of the Neolithic Age
the Neolithic Revolution began after the end of the last Ice Age (c B.C.)
lasted from 8000 to 4000 B.C.
a change from the hunting and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and growing of food on a regular basis
an activity known as systematic agriculture

14. The Neolithic Revolution
The planting of crops and the domestication (taming) of animals for food and work provided humans with a regular supply of food
Some historians believe that this was the single most important event in human history
The ability to acquire food regularly gave humans greater control over their environment and made it possible for them to establish more permanent settlements
As people settled into villages or towns, they created buildings for protection and for storage, and they began to trade surplus goods

15. The Neolithic Revolution
Increased wealth led to the creation of armies and walled cities and to more complex societies
By 3000 B.C., large numbers of people lived in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China

17. The Emergence of Civilization
Culture is a people’s way of life.
A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share many common elements
The six basic characteristics of civilization are:
cities
government
religion
social structure
writing
art

18. The Emergence of Civilization
Increased food production led to growing populations and to the rise of cities
Governments were formed to protect the people and to maintain the food supply
Urban civilizations developed religions to explain the workings of nature and the existence of things
New social structures dominated by rulers and an upper class of priests, government officials, and warriors arose

19. The Emergence of Civilization
Abundant food supplies allowed some individuals to become artisans and craftspeople instead of farmers
They created luxury items for the upper classes
Writing was used to keep records
The arts thrived, and temples and pyramids were built as places for worship, sacrifice, or the burial of kings

20. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Paleolithic Period
The Paleolithic Age lasted for close to 2.5 million years, whereas the Neolithic Age lasted for 6,000 years.
Neolithic Period
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

21. Section 1-27 Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright
__ 2. the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis
__ 3. adaptation for human use
__ 4. a person who moves from place to place
__ 5. the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis that occurred around 8000 B.C. A
A. hominids
B. nomad
C. Neolithic Revolution
D. systematic agriculture
E. domestication D E B C
Section 1-27

22. Identify Neanderthals Homo sapiens sapiens
lived between 100,000 and 30,000 B.C.
lived in Europe and SW Asia
might be the first hominids to bury their dead
first appeared 150,000 to 200,000 years ago
spread all around the world by 10,000 B.C.
all humans today are part of this subgroup of Homo sapiens

23. Locate
Africa Europe

24. Section 1-28 Checking for Understanding
Contrast the evidence that archaeologists and anthropologists use to understand the past to that used by historians.
While historians use written records, archaeologists and anthropologists must analyze human remains to understand the period before written records were kept.
Section 1-28

25. Section 1-29 Checking for Understanding
List the species that emerged during the different stages of human development.
first stage: australopithecines
second stage: Homo erectus
third stage: Homo sapiens with subgroups
Neanderthals
Homo sapiens sapiens
Section 1-29

26. Section 1-30 Critical Thinking
Analyze  Does the development of systematic agriculture by Neolithic peoples after the end of the last Ice Age deserve to be called a revolution? Why was the shift to systematic agriculture important to the development of civilization?
Possible answer: A regular food supply allowed humans to give up their nomadic existence and live in settled communities. As communities became more complex, government became necessary.
Section 1-30

27. 7. Sequencing Information
regular food supply
rise of permanent villages
trading of goods
First Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
China

28. Section 1-31 Analyzing Visuals
Examine the cave painting of a bison shown on page 19 of your textbook. Many cave paintings from the prehistoric period depict similar subjects. What do these paintings tell us about the lifestyles of prehistoric peoples?
The paintings tell us that there was an importance of hunting and animals to nomadic societies.
Section 1-31